Safety and efficacy of a lifestyle intervention for pregnant women to prevent excessive maternal weight gain: a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Pregnancy and birth related outcomes in the control versus the intervention group

Variable	Control n = 79	Intervention n = 156	Absolute effect size (95% CI)	p value^a)	Adjusted effect size (95% CI)	Adjusted p value^b)
Birth weight (g)	3,414 ± 445	3,406 ± 402	−8 (−122 to 106)	0.890	29 (−85 to 143)	0.637
Birth length (cm)	51.7 ± 2.4	51.4 ± 2.4	−0.3 (−0.1 to 0.3)	0.351	−0.2 (−1.1 to 0.8)	0.728
GDM or IGT ^c)	9 (12.2)	8 (5.4)	0.4 (0.2 to 1.1)	0.084	0.5 (0.2 to 1.4)	0.183
Birth mode
Spontaneous birth	35 (44.3)	91 (58.3)	ref.		ref.
Cesarean section	33 (41.8)	47 (30.1)	0.6 (0.3 to 1.1)	0.076	0.6 (0.4 to 1.2)	0.145
Vacuum extraction	11 (13.9)	18 (11.5)	0.8 (0.4 to 1.8)	0.600	0.8 (0.3 to 2.1)	0.666
Induction of labor	29 (36.7)	40 (25.6)	0.6 (0.3 to 1.1)	0.080	0.6 (0.3 to 1.3)	0.191
Preterm birth	5 (6.3)	4 (2.6)	0.4 (0.1 to 1.5)	0.169	0.3 (0.1 to 1.2)	0.088
Infant sex
female	37 (46.8)	72 (46.2)	ref.		ref.
male	42 (53.2)	84 (53.8)	1.0 (0.6 to 1.8)	0.921	1.1 (0.6 to 1.8)	0.865
Large for gestational age (>90th percentile)	7 (8.9)	10 (6.4)	0.7 (0.3 to 1.9)	0.495	0.8 (0.3 to 2.3)	0.702
Small for gestational age (<10th percentile)	3 (3.8)	6 (3.8)	1.0 (0.2 to 4.2)	0.985	1.0 (0.2 to 4.9)	0.990

GDM = Gestational diabetes mellitus; IGT = Impaired glucose tolerance.
Data are given as means ± SD or number (%).
Effect sizes from regression models: Continuous variables as estimated marginal mean difference (95% CIs) and categorized variables as odds ratios (95% CIs).
a) Unadjusted analysis; b) Linear or generalized linear mixed model adjusted for cluster (random factor), age and prepregnancy BMI.
c) In 221 (Control n = 74, Intervention n = 147) women a standardized 2 h oral glucose tolerance test was performed; GDM or IGT was defined according to the clinical practice guidelines of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics from 2010 [69].

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