Table 1 Participant and household demographics by whole sample and ANC attendance
Variable | Overall | ANC attendancea | p-values* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Attending | Non-attending | |||
n (%) | 979 | 582 (59.4) | 382 (39.0) | |
Age, years | 26.38 ± 6.6 | 26.20 ± 6.8 | 26.72 ± 6.4 | 0.233 |
Average gestational age, monthsa | 5.88 ± 2.11 | 6.97 ± 1.6 | 4.25 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
Gestational age at first ANC visit, monthsa | 4.48 ± 1.51 | 4.48 ± 1.5 | - | - |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Single | 97 (9.9) | 74 (12.7) | 22 (5.7) | 0.001 |
Married | 868 (88.6) | 497 (85.4) | 358 (93.8) | |
Divorced/separated | 14 (1.43) | 11 (1.9) | 3 (0.78) | |
Household size | 4.65 ± 2.1 | 4.60 ± 2.2 | 4.71 ± 2.1 | 0.478 |
Household head, n (%)b | ||||
Male headed | 905 (92.9) | 526 (91.0) | 365 (95.8) | 0.002 |
Female with male support | 43 (4.4) | 28 (4.8) | 14 (3.7) | |
Female without male support | 26 (2.7) | 24 (4.2) | 2 (0.5) | |
Household head education levelc | ||||
Less than primary | 307 (31.4) | 176 (30.2) | 124 (32.5) | 0.041 |
Primary school complete | 278 (28.4) | 151 (26.0) | 124 (32.5) | |
Above primary school | 387 (39.5) | 250 (43.0) | 132 (34.6) | |
Mother’s education levelc | ||||
Less than primary | 393 (40.4) | 218 (37.5) | 169 (44.1) | 0.121 |
Primary school complete | 324 (33.1) | 201 (34.6) | 118 (30.8) | |
Above primary school | 261 (26.7) | 162 (27.9) | 96 (25.1) | |
Agricultural activity and selling agriculture products | ||||
Not involved in agriculture/selling products | 63 (6.4) | 48 (8.3) | 14 (3.7) | 0.004 |
Secondary activity, not selling agri products | 81 (8.3) | 55 (9.5) | 25 (6.5) | |
Secondary activity and selling products | 145 (14.8) | 87 (14.5) | 56 (14.6) | |
Principal activity, not selling agri. products | 551 (56.3) | 303 (52.1) | 240 (62.7) | |
Principal activity and selling products | 139 (14.2) | 89 (15.3) | 48 (12.5) | |
Salaried employment, yes | 55 (5.6) | 33 (5.7) | 22 (5.7) | 0.954 |
Casual labour, yes | 384 (39.2) | 199 (34.2) | 175 (45.7) | <0.001 |
Involved in informal business, yes | 196 (20.2) | 124 (21.3) | 70 (18.3) | 0.259 |
Self-employment | 224 (22.9) | 117 (20.1) | 104 (27.2) | 0.012 |
Income generating activitiesd | ||||
Not involved | 315 (32.1) | 200 (34.4) | 111 (28.9) | 0.003 |
Involved in one activity | 486 (49.6) | 297 (51.0) | 181 (47.3) | |
Involved in two activities | 165 (16.8) | 79 (13.6) | 83 (21.7) | |
Involved in three activities | 14 (1.4) | 6 (1.0) | 8 (2.1) | |
Wealth index1,e, quartiles | ||||
1st quartile (Lowest) | 233 (24.2) | 124 (21.3) | 109 (28.5) | 0.001 |
2nd quartile | 243 (25.2) | 136 (23.4) | 107 (28.0) | |
3rd quartile | 240 (24.9) | 150 (25.8) | 90 (23.6) | |
4th quartile (Highest) | 248 (25.7) | 172 (29.6) | 76 (19.9) | |
Radio use | ||||
Everyday | 644 (65.8) | 398 (68.4) | 238 (62.3) | 0.004 |
At least once per week | 128 (13.1) | 83 (14.3) | 44 (11.5) | |
Irregularly | 112 (11.4) | 60 (10.3) | 50 (13.1) | |
Do not listen | 95 (9.7) | 41 (7.0) | 50 (13.1) | |