Table 1 1991–2010 Alabama adverse birth outcomes by individual and ZIP code-level characteristics (n = 490,366)

Total births

PTB

LBW

Payment method

  Medicaid

  Self-payment

  Private insurance

  Race

  African American

  White

  Hispanic

Years of education

  Fewer than 12

  12

  13-15

  16 or more

Parity

  First birth

  Second or later birth

ZIP code-level characteristics

Percent poverty, n (%)

  1^st quartile (0% to 10.3%)

  2^nd quartile (10.4% to 15.1%)

  3^rd quartile (15.2% to 20.8%)

  4^th quartile (20.9% to 70.5%)

Percent African American, n (%)

  1^st quartile (0% to 8.4%)

  2^nd quartile (8.5% to 21.5%)

  3^rd quartile (21.8% to 44.9%)

  4^th quartile (45.3% to 97.6%)

Population density, n (%)

  1^st tertile (0.7 to 39.1 people/km2)

  2^nd tertile (39.4 to 197.8 people/km2)

  3^rd tertile (205.7 to 2168.7 people/km2)

RUCA, n (%)

  Isolated and small town

  Large town

  Urban