Table 1 Characteristics (mean ± SD or frequency and percentage) and distribution of risk factors of GDM of women with and without GDM
Women with GDM | Missing | Comparison group† | Missing | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
*n = 251 | n = 597 | ||||
Age categories | |||||
−29 | 102 (40.6) | 312 (52.3) | |||
30-34 | 90 (35.9) | 200 (33.5) | |||
35+ | 59 (23.5) | 0 | 85 (14.2) | 0 | 0.001 |
BMI categories | |||||
Normal (<25 kg/m²) | 67 (27.0) | 345 (57.8) | |||
Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m²) | 91 (36.7) | 175 (29.4) | |||
Obese (> = 30 kg/m²) | 90 (36.3) | 3 | 76 (12.8) | 1 | <0.001 |
Education level‡ | |||||
Low | 98 (40.5) | 192 (33.4) | |||
Medium | 94 (38.8) | 254 (44.3) | |||
High | 50 (20.7) | 9 | 128 (22.3) | 23 | 0.15 |
Previous deliveries | 1.10 ± 1.18 | 0 | 0.89 ± 0.99 | 0 | 0.016 |
Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
No | 225 (91.8) | 556 (93.7) | |||
Stopped during first trimester | 6 (2.4) | 11 (1.9) | |||
Continued smoking after first trimester | 14 (5.7) | 6 | 26 (4.4) | 4 | 0.60 |
Gestational diabetes in any earlier pregnancy | 64 (28.3) | 4 | 38 (7.3) | 17 | <0.001 |
Risk factors of GDM | |||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² | 181 (73.3%) | 4 | 247 (42.8%) | 20 | <0.001 |
Macrosomic children in earlier pregnancy | 14 (5.7%) | 4 | 12 (2.1%) | 20 | 0.007 |
GDM in earlier pregnancy | 64 (25.9%) | 4 | 38 (6.6%) | 20 | <0.001 |
Diabetes in relatives | 106 (42.9%) | 4 | 227 (39.3%) | 20 | 0.34 |
Age ≥ 40 years | 4 | 7 (1.2%) | 20 | 0.099 | |
Polycystic ovarian syndrome | 0 | 4 | 1 (0,2%) | 20 | 1.00 |
Sum of risk factors | 1.51 (0.74) | 4 | 0.92 (0.75) | 20 | <0.001 |