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Table 9 Factors associated with fatality amongst AFE cases (risk ratio (RR) unless indicated)

From: Amniotic fluid embolism incidence, risk factors and outcomes: a review and recommendations

Condition or procedure

Australia (NSW)

Canada

UK

US

Age ≥ 35 years

1.1 (0.5-2.4)

*

aOR≠ 2.8 (0.5-14.2)

*

Multipara

1.1 (0.7-1.7)

*

aOR≠ 0.9 (0.2-4.2)

*

Smoked during pregnancy

1.4 (0.3-6.5)

*

*

 

Socioeconomic status

Disadvantaged (lowest quartile)

1.4 (0.4-4.5)

*

Routine, manual occupation or unemployed

aOR≠ 1.2 (0.3-5.6)

Income $35,000+ aOR 0.3 (0.1-1.0)

Race/ethnicity

  

Black or other ethnic minority group vs white aOR≠ 6.3 (1.1-34.9)

 

Previous caesarean

1.1 (0.1-9.7)

*

*

aOR 1.1 (0.3-3.9)

Induction

 

OR 3.5 (1.5-8.4)

aOR≠ 1.9 (0.4-9.2)

aOR 0.7 (0.1-3.3)

Medical induction of labour

1.6 (0.5-5.1)

*

*

 

PG+Oxytocin

2.2 (0.2-29)

*

*

*

General anaesthesia

1.6 (0.8-2.9)

   

Epidural anaesthesia

2.2 (0.2-29)

   

Mode of delivery

Forceps/vacuum 0.4 (0.1-2.9)

CS 1.8 (0.9-3.6)

*

 

Forceps

aOR 1.7 (0.2-14.7)

Vacuum

aOR 0.7 (0.1-5.0)

CS aOR 0.8 (0.2-2.8)

  1. * No data or no accurate or limited data
  2. ≠ Adjusted for age, parity, socioeconomic status, ethnicity and labour induction