Maternal and neonatal characteristics | NT-resident women (N = 7,560) | Indigenous (N = 2,573) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Non-Indigenous (n = 4,987)a | Indigenous (n = 2,573) | Top End (n = 1,776) | Central Australia (n = 797) | Chi2or Fisher’s Test for trend | |||||
 | Remote A(n = 334) | P-value A vs B | Remote B(n = 1,686) | Urban C(n = 887) | P-value B vs C | Remote b(n = 1,217) | Urban(n = 559) | Remote(n = 469) | Urban(n = 328) |  |
Maternal: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mean maternal age in years (±SD)[95% Confidence Interval] | 28.4 (±5.7) [27.8, 29.1] | <0.001 | 23 (±5.8) [23.1, 23.7] | 24.9 (±5.9) [24.5, 25.3] | <0.001 | 23.7 (±5.9) [23.3, 24.0] | 24.8 (±5.8) [24.4, 25.3] | 22.7 (±5.8) [22.1, 23.3] | 25.0 (±6.1) [24.4, 25.7] | .. |
Maternal age < 20 years | 7.8% | <0.001 | 31.1% | 19.8% | <0.001 | 28.6% | 19.5% | 37.5% | 20.4% | <0.001 |
Maternal age ≥ 35 years | 16.8% | <0.001 | 5.3% | 7.1% | 0.062 | 5.7% | 7.0% | 4.3% | 7.3% | 0.193 |
First pregnancy | 37.4% | 0.078 | 32.4% | 30.6% | 0.328 | 31.2% | 30.8% | 35.5% | 30.2% | 0.262 |
Fourth + pregnancy | 14.7% | <0.001 | 26.8% | 24.5% | 0.198 | 29.1% | 24.7% | 20.9% | 24.1% | 0.004 |
Less than four antenatal visits | 6.3% | 0.001 | 12.9% | 15.2% | 0.099 | 9.6% | 17.2% | 21.3% | 11.9% | <0.001 |
Smoking reported at first visit | 24.0% | <0.001 | 47.5% | 51.2% | 0.076 | 54.7% | 53.0% | 28.8% | 48.2% | <0.001 |
Smoking reported at 36 weeks | 21.9% | <0.001 | 44.5% | 47.6% | 0.142 | 52.4% | 49.4% | 24.1% | 44.5% | <0.001 |
Alcohol use reported at first visit | 10.5% | 0.522 | 9.4% | 8.0% | <0.001 | 8.9% | 11.8% | 10.9% | 20.1% | <0.001 |
Alcohol use reported at 36 weeks | 5.7% | 0.708 | 6.2% | 11.6% | <0.001 | 5.9% | 8.8% | 7.0% | 16.5% | <0.001 |
Diabetes in pregnancyc | 6.5% | 0.009 | 12.7% | 12.5% | 0.948 | 11.0% | 10.9% | 17.0% | 15.5% | 0.017 |
Out-of-hospital birthd | <5 | 0.019 | 4.2% | 0.7% | <0.001 | 4.9% | <5 | 2.4% | <5 | <0.001 |
Epidural/spinal pain relief | 10.8% | 0.003 | 6.2% | 10.3% | <0.001 | 5.5% | 10.6% | 8.1% | 9.8% | 0.001 |
Narcotics for pain relief | 20.4% | 0.703 | 21.3% | 25.5% | 0.016 | 21.6% | 25.6% | 20.5% | 25.3% | 0.109 |
Augmented labour | 24.3% | 0.137 | 28.2% | 27.5% | 0.697 | 26.5% | 27.7% | 32.8% | 27.1% | 0.071 |
Induced labour | 23.4% | 0.014 | 17.6% | 18.6% | 0.536 | 15.1% | 18.3% | 24.1% | 19.2% | <0.001 |
Vaginal birthe | 68.7% | 0.863 | 68.3% | 73.6% | 0.010 | 67.8% | 72.8% | 71.2% | 75.0% | 0.029 |
Instrumental vaginal birth | 7.8% | 0.272 | 6.2% | 5.2% | 0.312 | 6.2% | 5.0% | 6.2% | 5.5% | 0.775 |
Caesarean section (CS) | 24.0% | 0.661 | 25.1% | 21.2% | 0.027 | 26.1% | 22.2% | 22.6% | 19.5% | 0.048 |
Emergency CS as % of all CS | 52.5% | 0.002 | 70.5% | 67.0% | 0.396 | 73.5% | 62.9% | 61.3% | 75.0% | 0.027 |
Fetal distress recorded | 15.2% | 0.087 | 20.1% | 20.0% | 0.973 | 21.2% | 22.5% | 17.2% | 15.5% | 0.096 |
Episiotomy performed (vaginal births) | 7.2% | 0.695 | 7.5% | 5.6% | 0.113 | 6.7% | 5.7% | <5 | <5 | <0.001 |
3rd/4th degree tear (vaginal births) | <5 | 0.351 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.714 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.522 |
Mother LOS ≥ 4 days: vaginal births | 33.8% | 0.013 | 45.0% | 23.0% | <0.001 | 53.2% | 24.6% | 24.6% | 20.3% | <0.001 |
Mother LOS ≥ 4 days: CS births | 80.0% | 0.052 | 88.9% | 83.5% | 0.154 | 92.1% | 85.5% | 79.3% | 79.7% | <0.001 |
Neonatal: | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Stillbirth (Rate per 1,000 births) | <5 | 0.489 | 7.7/1,000 | <5 | 0.447 | 5.8/1,000 | <5 | 12.8/1,000 | <5 | 0.389 |
Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes | 2.7% | 0.512 | 3.6% | 3.2% | 0.543 | 3.8% | 2.9% | 3.2% | 3.7% | 0.776 |
Newborn needed serious resuscitationf | 10.8% | 0.771 | 11.3% | 10.0% | 0.316 | 11.8% | 8.6% | 10.0% | 12.5% | 0.144 |
Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) | 3.9% | <0.001 | 12.2% | 9.1% | 0.020 | 12.7% | 9.8% | 10.7% | 7.9% | 0.054 |
Low birthweight (<2,500 g) | 4.2% | <0.001 | 10.9% | 8.6% | 0.061 | 11.8% | 8.4% | 8.5% | 8.8% | 0.054 |
Admission to special care (SC) | 12.0% | <0.001 | 21.7% | 20.0% | 0.300 | 21.9% | 19.0% | 21.3% | 21.7% | 0.567 |