Table 4 Characteristic of the included studies
Authors | Country | Design | Site | Size† (follow-up) | Resp. Rate† % | Time of recruit-ment | Criteria | Maternal morbidity type (Data source) | PTSD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inclusion | Exclusion | Time postnatal | Tool | Admini-stration | |||||||||
Adewuya et al. 2006 | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Multi. clinic. (n=5) | 876 | 95 a | Postnatal | Women attending 6 week postnatal & infant immunisation clinic | None | Hospital admission in pregnancy Manual removal of placenta | Self-report | 6 wks | M.I.N.I. | Interview |
Ayers 1999 (PhD thesis) | UK | Pros. cohort | Single hospital | 245 (201) | 70 -83 c (46–56 a) | Antenatal | Gestational age 16≤, ≤ 36 wks at recruitment Good English | ElCS Poor English Other research participation Moving out No fixed address Psychiatric inpatient | Blood loss Delivery complication | Clinical records | 1 week 6 weeks 6 mths | IES PSS-SR | Postal |
Baecke et al. 2009 | Netherlands | Retro. cohort | Single hospital | 169 | 48-76 b or c | Postnatal | Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and control groups | Multiple pregnancy | Pre-term preeclampsia Term preeclampsia | Clinical records | 6 -18 mths | IES | Postal |
Cohen et al. 2004 | Canada | Pros. cohort | Multi. hospital (n=6) | 198 | 60-87 b or c | Postnatal | Age≥18 Understand English Delivered a full-term Singleton infant | Poor English Child for adoption Risk of baby (multiple infant, premature, congenanomaly, NICU, death) | maternal complications (PPH, uterine infection UTI, or retained placenta etc.) | Not clear | 6-8 wks | DTS | Interview (telephone) |
Creedy 1999 (PhD thesis) | Australia | Pros. cohort | Multi. hospital (n=4) | 499 (141) | 73 b | Antenatal | Age≥18 3rd trimester pregnancy Understand English No major prenatal complication No medical problems healthy full-term infant | Risk of baby (premature, stillbirth) Pregnancy with high risk for birth complications | Delivery complication (PPH, anaemia, infection, severe post-delivery pain or manual removal of placenta etc) | Self-report | 4-6 wks 3–4 mths | IES PSS- | Interview (telephone) |
Engelhard et al. 2002‡ | Netherlands | Retro. cohort | Single hospital | 113 | 51-90 b | Postnatal | Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and control groups Primiparas | Age<18, Illiterate in Dutch Intrauterine fetal death | Pre-term preeclampsia Term preeclampsia | Clinical records | ≤ 2 yrs | PSS-SR | Postal |
Hoedjes et al., 2001 | Netherlands | Pros. cohort | Multi. hospital (n=4) | 128 (137) | 50-54 a or b | Postnatal | Age≥18 Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia speaking Dutch | -- | Mild preeclampsia: Severe preeclampsia | Clinical records | 6 wks 12 wks | SRIP | Postal |
Lev-Wiesel et al. 2009 | Israel | Pros. cohort | Single hospital | 1071 | 96 c or d | Antenatal | Women >= 5 mths pregnant at the time of recruitment | Women under psychiatric treatment | High-risk pregnancy Delivery complications (CS, preterm delivery or fetal distress etc) | Clinical records Self-report | 1 mth 6 mths | PSS-I | Interview (face-to-face/ telephone) |
Sorenson & Tschetter 2010 | US | Cross-sectional | Commu-nity | 71 | 75 c (53 b) | Postnatal | Listed in phone book Having 'landline' phone numbers | All others who did not meet inclusion criteria | Birth complication: | Not stated | 6-7 mths | PTCS | Interview (telephone) |
Stramrood et al. 2010 | Netherlands | Pros. cohort | Single hospital & single midwifery practice | 175 (137) | 71-91c | Antenatal | Women hospitalised with preeclampsia or PPROM | Critically ill, multiple pregnancy, A history of intrauterine fetal death, Alcohol/drug dependence Pre-existing medical conditions (eg. diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular, renal diseases) | Preeclampsia PPROM | Clinical records | 6 wks 15 mths | PSS-SR | Interview |
Stramrood et al. 2011 | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | Multi. Hospital (n=3) Midwifery practice (n=4) | 428 | 47 a or b | Postnatal | Women delivered 2 to 6 months prior to study with >=16 weeks of gestation | -- | Pregnancy complications (pre-eclampsia, HELLP, antenatal blood loss or intrauterine death etc) Delivery complications (PPH, manual placenta removal or ICU etc) | Self-report | 2-6 mths | TES-B | Web-based |