Adverse birth outcomes among native-born and foreign-born mothers in Taiwan: A population-based birth cohort study

Table 1 Maternal and family characteristics of infants by maternal nativity: Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, 2005

Characteristic	Taiwan n = 17441		China n = 917		Southeast Asia n = 1732		p
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Infant sex							0.99
Boy	9180	52.6	485	52.9	910	52.5
Girl	8261	47.4	432	47.1	822	47.5
Maternal age^abc							<0.0001^d
<20 y	225	1.3	0	0.0	121	7.0
20–34 y	14846	85.1	834	91.0	1539	90.0
35 y	2370	13.6	83	9.1	52	3.0
First born^bc	8620	49.4	482	52.6	993	57.3	<0.0001^d
Singleton^bc	16954	97.2	895	97.6	1710	98.7	0.0007^d
Family monthly income^abc
<NT$30,000	1351	7.8	225	24.5	611	35.3	<0.0001^d
NT$30,000–69,999	9653	55.4	621	67.7	1072	61.9
NT$70,000+	6437	36.9	71	7.7	49	2.8
Paternal education^abc							<0.0001^d
0–9 y	1666	9.6	247	26.9	733	42.3
10–12 y	6797	39.0	418	45.6	829	47.9
13+ y	8978	51.5	252	27.5	170	9.8
Maternal education^abc							<0.0001^d
0–9 y	1161	6.7	479	52.2	1214	70.1
10–12 y	7194	41.3	338	36.9	430	24.8
13+ y	9086	52.1	100	10.9	88	5.1
Place of residence^bc							<0.0001^d
Urban	10319	59.2	526	57.4	770	44.5
Rural	7122	40.8	391	42.6	962	55.5
Length of stay in Taiwan, y		-		3.3		3.5
Smoking during pregnancy^abc	586	3.4	5	0.6	0	0.0	<0.0001^d
Pregnancy complications
Diabetes^bc	430	2.5	15	1.6	8	0.5	<0.0001^d
Hypertension^ac	380	2.2	8	0.9	11	0.6	<0.0001^d
Pre-eclampsia^bc	141	0.8	4	0.4	1	0.1	0.0012^d
Placenta previa^ac	337	1.9	7	0.8	5	0.3	<0.0001^d
Placental abruption^bc	79	0.5	4	0.4	0	0.0	0.02
First-time prenatal care^ac							<0.0001^d
<3 m	12693	72.8	601	65.5	1143	66.0
3 m	3922	22.5	210	22.9	405	23.4
4+ m	826	4.7	106	11.6	184	10.6
Number of prenatal visits^ac							<0.0001^d
<10	2586	14.8	203	22.1	415	24.0
10	4333	24.8	230	25.1	456	26.3
11+	10522	60.3	484	52.8	861	49.7

1 US dollar equaled 32.167 New Taiwan dollars in 2005 [21].
^aSignificant difference at 0.05 level between Taiwan-born and China-born mothers.
^bSignificant difference at 0.05 level between China-born and Southeast Asia-born mothers.
^cSignificant difference at 0.05 level between Taiwan-born and Southeast Asia-born mothers.
^dSignificant after Bonferroni correction. By Bonferroni correction test, a p value of < 0.0167 was regarded as significant.

ISSN: 1471-2393