Table 2 Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models for ante-partum and intra-partum risk factors associated with PPH (blood loss ≥500 mL) for vaginal deliveries
From: Inability to predict postpartum hemorrhage: insights from Egyptian intervention data
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
antepartum | intra-partum | AMTSL | Full model | |||||
OR for PPH | 95% CI | OR for PPH | 95% CI | OR for PPH | 95% CI | OR for PPH | 95% CI | |
Ante-Partum | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
< 30 | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
30 + | 1.47 | (0.75, 2.88) | - | - | 2.04 | (0.92, 4.52) | ||
Education | ||||||||
illiterate | 0.83 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
literate | 1.00 | (0.39, 1.79) | - | - | 0.62 | (0.28, 1.42) | ||
Parity | ||||||||
multiparous | 1.21 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
nuliparous | 1.00 | (0.67, 2.19) | - | - | 0.84 | (0.40, 1.78) | ||
Antenatal care | ||||||||
1 visit | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
No ANC | 2.67 | (0.58, 12.32) | 1.61 | (0.30, 8.51) | ||||
2-3 visits | 7.02 | (1.49, 33.01) | 5.89 | (1.13, 30.62) | ||||
4+ visits | 10.63 | (2.30, 49.03) | - | - | 7.43 | (1.44, 38.46) | ||
History of PPH | ||||||||
None | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
Prior PPH | 105.44 | (15.14, 734.53) | - | - | 305.14 | (48.02, 1938.87) | ||
Previous obstetric complications | ||||||||
none | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
prior non-PPH complications | 0.26 | (0.04, 1.84) | - | - | 0.25 | (0.02, 3.80) | ||
Membranes | ||||||||
ruptured | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
intact | 1.35 | (0.73, 2.50) | - | - | 1.06 | (0.54, 2.09) | ||
Anemia | ||||||||
Ante-partum hemoglobine> 11 mg/dl | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
Ante-partum hemoglobine < = 11 mg/dl | 1.76 | (0.98, 3.16) | - | - | 2.73 | (1.43, 5.23) | ||
Cervical dilation on admission | ||||||||
up to 3 cm | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | ||||
4-7 cm | 3.62 | (0.51, 25.77) | - | - | 4.60 | (0.70, 30.38) | ||
> 7 cm | 3.67 | (0.47, 28.62) | - | - | 6.34 | (0.87, 45.94) | ||
Intra-partum | ||||||||
Delivery | ||||||||
Spontaneous delivery | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
vaginal delivery with instruments | - | 1.37 | (0.13, 14.22) | 1.35 | (0.11, 15.87) | 3.59 | (0.35, 36.79) | |
Episiotomy | ||||||||
no | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | - | 1.60 | (0.97, 2.63) | 1.55 | (0.94, 2.56) | 1.72 | (0.69, 4.30) | |
Labor augmentation | ||||||||
no | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | - | 1.77 | (1.11, 2.81) | 1.94 | (1.17, 3.20) | 2.37 | (1.14, 4.93) | |
Complete placenta expulsion | ||||||||
yes | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
no | - | 1.32 | (0.55, 3.16) | 2.91 | (0.56, 15.07) | 21.68 | (4.41, 106.54) | |
Vaginal tears | ||||||||
no | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
yes | - | 3.37 | (0.59, 19.41) | 1.70 | (0.79, 3.67) | 2.27 | (0.94, 5.50) | |
Fetal weights | ||||||||
< 3500 mg | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Macrosomia (> 3500 mg) | - | 1.35 | (0.85, 2.15) | 1.59 | (1.01, 2.50) | 0.99 | (0.53, 1.88) | |
Length of 1st and 2nd stage | ||||||||
< 1 hour | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1 - 2.9 hours | - | 2.42 | (1.15, 5.06) | 2.45 | (1.14, 5.26) | 1.95 | (0.62, 6.15) | |
3 - 4.9 hours | - | 3.25 | (1.62, 6.53) | 3.77 | (1.86, 7.65) | 4.93 | (1.55, 15.70) | |
5 + hours | - | 2.66 | (1.22, 5.82) | 3.12 | (1.44, 6.74) | 5.75 | (1.73, 19.14) | |
AMTSL | ||||||||
Yes | - | 1.00 | - | - | ||||
No | - | 9.44 | (5.57, 16.01) | - | - | |||
AMTSL components | ||||||||
Use of uterotonics in 3rd stage | ||||||||
yes | - | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
no | - | - | 9.75 | (4.58, 20.77) | 11.26 | (3.91, 32.47) | ||
Early cord clamping | ||||||||
yes | - | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
no | - | - | 1.36 | (0.31, 6.04) | 3.08 | (0.52, 18.43) | ||
Cord traction | ||||||||
yes | - | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
no | - | - | 1.22 | (0.21, 7.06) | 8.26 | (1.02, 67.00) | ||
Uterine massage | ||||||||
yes | - | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
no | - | - | 4.47 | (0.94, 21.33) | 0.64 | (0.07, 5.58) |