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Table 2 The packages of interventions and their impacts for maternal health in resource limited countries

From: Maternal health interventions in resource limited countries: a systematic review of packages, impacts and factors for change

Country

Integrated

interventions

(from table 1)*

Time

Interval

(years)

Maternal

deaths/live births

Odds ratio

(95% CI)

   

Intervention

Control

 

Randomized controlled trials

    

Zimbabwe [26]

16

2

6/9,394

5/6,138

0.78 (0.24 - 2.57)

Zimbabwe [27]

16

3

2/6,483

4/6,696

0.52 (0.09 - 2.82)

Pakistan [28]

3,15

2

27/10,093

34/9,432

0.74 (0.45 - 1.23)

India [29]

1

3

49/9,388

60/8,819

0.77 (0.52 - 1.12)

Nepal [30]

4

3.5

59/14,948

51/7,241

0.56 (0.37 - 0.84)

Nepal [31]

1

3

2/2,899

11/3,226

0.20 (0.04 - 0.91)

Ghana [11]

4

29 × 103 §

138/39,601

148/39,234

0.92 (0.73 - 1.17)

Quasi-experimental designs with control groups

  

Angola [32]

3,6

4

55/18,755

66/5,363

0.24 (0.16 - 0.34)

Gambia [33]

3, 6,9,15,16

3

1/769

5/714

0.43 (0.02 - 1.55)

Bangladesh [34]

3,6-9,15,16

3

6/4,424

20/5,206

0.35 (0.66 - 0.89)

Bangladeshф [35]

1, 3,6-9,13,16

4

41/10,890

50/13,169

0.99 (0.66 - 1.50)

Gambia [36]

3,8,9

7

11/405 to 13/1,236

4/267 to 7/727

0.36 (0.20 - 0.64)

Quasi-experimental designs without control groups

After intervention

Before

intervention

 

Egypt [1, 37]

1,6-9,11

7

585/696,428

772/443,678

0.48 (0.43 - 0.54)

Senegal [38]

5-8,15

3

27/6,622

50/6,017

0.49 (0.30 - 0.80)

Pakistan [39, 40]

3,9,11,13,15,16

5

34/52,982

48/55,454

0.74 (0.48 - 1.15)

Tanzania [41]

5,6,7,8

5

8/4,296

28/3,000

0.20 (0.09 - 0.44)

Peru [42]

1,6,7,9,15

4

2/3,119

9/3,002

0.21 (0.05 - 0.99)

Nigeria [43]

5,6,7,8

6

7/1208

47/2999

0.37 (0.17 - 0.81)

Nigeria [44, 45]

1,2,6,7,8

6

7/815

44/861

0.16 (0.07 - 0.36)

Nigeria [46, 47]

2,5-8,12

5

0/130

1/139

0.53 (0.02 - 16.02)

Bangladesh [48]†

1,3, 9,13,16

13

86/46,320

299/105

0.62

Cameroon [49]†

6,9

10

60/105

260/105

0.23

China [1]†

1,3,5-9,11

16

61/105

100/105

0.61

China [50]†

1,3,6,9,11

3

114/105

456/105

0.25

Honduras [51]†

1,3,6-9,14

7

108/105

182/105

0.59

Bolivia [1, 52]†

7-9,11

11

230/105

390/105

0.59

India [53]†

6-11

14

90/105

380/105

0.24

Nepal [54]†

1,2,5-8,11

10

281/105

539/105

0.52

  1. Note: *The numbers given to the interventions correspond to those given in table 1; § Follow up years (the interventions were started in 2000 - 2008 but at different times across the clusters); ф Interventions were implemented at various intervals and we analyzed results from the last 4 years when a complete package was implemented. † Odds ratio was calculated from MMR before and after intervention due to incomplete raw data in the review articles.
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