Figure 2From: Preconception care for diabetic women for improving maternal and fetal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Risk ratio for congenital malformations from 11 studies of women with preexisting diabetes mellitus who did or did not receive preconception care.PCC= the group who received preconception care; NPCC= the group who did not received preconception care; CI= Confidence intervals. Back to article page