Smoking during pregnancy and risk of abnormal glucose tolerance: a prospective cohort study

Table 1 Distribution of sociodemographic, medical, acculturation, and behavioral characteristics according to abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT); Latina Pregnancy Study, 2000-2004

	Total		AGT cases
			Yes		No
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Total	1006	100.0	119	11.8	887	88.2
Sociodemographic Characteristics
Age (years)
16-19	340	33.8	23	19.3	317	35.7
20-24	381	37.9	39	32.8	342	38.6
25-29	177	17.6	26	21.9	151	17.0
30-40	108	10.7	31	26.1	77	8.7
Education
< High School	502	55.2	47	45.2	455	56.5
High/Trade/Technical School	293	32.2	34	32.7	259	32.2
Some College/Graduate	114	12.5	23	22.1	91	11.3
Annual household income
< $15,000	333	59.5	44	57.9	289	59.7
$15,000-30,000	171	30.5	18	23.7	153	31.6
> $30,000	56	10.0	14	18.4	42	8.7
Medical Characteristics
Parity
0	393	39.2	36	30.5	357	40.3
1-2	491	49.0	491	54.2	427	48.3
3+	119	11.9	18	15.3	101	11.4
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)
< 20	128	13.0	10	8.7	118	13.6
20-24.99	371	37.6	26	22.6	345	39.5
25-29.99	245	24.8	32	27.8	213	24.5
30+	242	24.5	47	40.9	195	22.4
Family history of diabetes
No	339	35.8	25	22.7	314	37.5
Yes	609	64.2	85	77.3	524	62.5
Personal history of GDM
No	956	95.9	107	91.4	849	96.5
Yes	41	4.1	10	8.6	31	3.5
Weight gain up to glucose screen¹ (lbs/week)
0-< 0.5	253	31.4	29	33.7	224	31.2
0.5-< 1.0	367	45.6	37	43.0	330	45.9
1.0+	185	23.0	20	23.3	165	22.9
Current hypertension
No	961	95.5	109	91.6	852	96.0
Yes	45	4.5	10	8.4	35	4.0
Acculturation Variables
Language preference
English Only	655	66.2	69	58.5	586	67.2
Both English and Spanish	141	14.2	22	18.6	119	13.6
Spanish Only	194	19.6	27	22.9	167	19.2
Birthplace
United States	488	53.3	52	49.5	436	53.8
Other	427	46.7	53	50.5	374	46.2
Pregnancy Behaviors
Alcohol Consumption
No	921	98.4	110	99.1	811	98.3
Yes (1+ drink/week)	15	1.6	1	0.9	14	1.7
Pregnancy physical activity
1^st quartile	227	25.9	25	24.3	202	26.1
2^nd quartile	226	25.8	22	21.4	204	26.4
3^rd quartile	213	24.3	24	23.3	189	24.5
4th quartile	210	24.0	32	31.0	178	23.0

¹Rate of weight gain was analyzed as a continuous variable in multivariate models but is presented in categories here.
Note: Sums may not add to 1006 due to missing data for some covariates

ISSN: 1471-2393