Facilitators and barriers in the humanization of childbirth practice in Japan

Behruzi, Roxana; Hatem, Marie; Fraser, William; Goulet, Lise; Ii, Masako; Misago, Chizuru

doi:10.1186/1471-2393-10-25

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Table 3 The specific characteristics of the setting regarding to childbirth practice

From: Facilitators and barriers in the humanization of childbirth practice in Japan

Characteristic Presence of characteristic: + Absence of characteristic:-	4^thlevel Hospital (1)	4^th level Hospital (2)	3^nd level Hospital (1)	3^nd level Hospital (2)	3th Level Hospital (3)	2^nd level Hospital (1)	2^nd level Hospital (2)	2^nd level Hospital (2)	Birthing home
Average childbirth per year	800	1500	500	550	500	1100	1200	1200	120
Transferring rate to hospital	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	3-4%
Medical Interventions
C-section rate	27%	30-35%	< 15%	< 15%	40%	< 15%	< 15%	< 15%	NA
Epidural analgesia	-	40-50%	rare	rare	< 10%	-	-	-	-
Routine episiotomy for first pregnancy	-	-	-	-	70%	-	-	-	-
Continues Electronic Foetal Monitoring (EFM)	high risk	high risk	-	-	high-risk	-	-	-	-
Routine IV line in normal pregnancy	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Physical Environment
LDR room	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Tatami style room	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Joining room for family	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Private Post partum rooms	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Shared postpartum rooms	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
Common labour	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Main care Providers
Nurse-Midwife	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Obstetric& Gynaecologic	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
Nurse	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Continuity of care
Care is provided by the same care provider during prenatal	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+
Natural methods of relieving pain
Birth pool	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	+
Aromatherapy	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Massage	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Moxa therapy	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+
Emotional support by companion	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Emotional support by midwife companion	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Changing position and saddle seat	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Listen to music	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Breathing techniques	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Rules/Regulation
Eating during labour	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Conditional companion during labour and delivery	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Companion in C-section	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NA
Cutting umbilical cord by father	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+
Having kid's companion	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+
Companion in post -partum period	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+
Staying baby in mother's room in first 24 h after delivery	+	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Breastfeeding within first hours of life	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Rooming-in	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Average duration of hospitalization after C-section	9 days	9 days	9	9 days	9 days	9 days	4 days	4 days	NA
Average of hospitalization after normal vaginal delivery	6 days	6 days	6	6 days	5 days	7 days	2 days	2 days	5 days
Free style position in delivery	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	+	+

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ISSN: 1471-2393

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