Analgesic option | Evidence base |
---|---|
   Support person |    Systematic review[32] |
   Being upright during labour | |
   Touch and massage |    Two systematic reviews, one based on observational data[36] |
   Bath |    Systematic review[37] |
   Aromatherapy |    Systematic review[37] |
   Acupuncture |    Systematic review[37] |
   Hypnosis |    Systematic review[37] |
   Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |    Systematic review[38] |
   Nitrous oxide |    Systematic review[39] and population based data[40] |
   Opioid analgesia |    Two systematic reviews[41, 42] and population based data[40] |
   Epidural analgesia |    Two systematic review[43, 44] and observational research [45]. |