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Table 3 Rate and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for adverse perinatal outcomes among the offspring of women with any form of hypertension, according to type of antihypertensive therapy received during pregnancy

From: Use of antihypertensive medications in pregnancy and the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: McMaster Outcome Study of Hypertension In Pregnancy 2 (MOS HIP 2)

   

Individual outcomes

 

Primary composite outcome*

Diseases of prematurity$

Ventilation > 1 day

Neonatal intensive care unit admission

Perinatal death

Type of antihypertensive therapy

Rate (%)**

Adjusted OR (95% CI)#

Rate (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Rate (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Rate (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Rate (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

None

19.5

1.0

15.1

1.0

3.4

1.0

27.4

1.0

1.9

1.0

β-blocker

30.9

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

26.2

1.4 (0.9–9.2)

10.9

2.3 (0.9–5.9)

48.7

2.4 (1.6–3.5)

3.7

1.5 (0.6–3.4)

Non-β-blocker

56.7

5.0 (2.6–9.6)

49.1

4.4 (2.1–9.2)

24.6

6.9 (2.3–20.6)

77.2

9.9 (4.7–21.0)

5.8

2.6 (1.1–6.3)

Both β-blocker and non-β-blocker

59.2

2.9 (1.8–4.7)

55.6

2.8 (1.7–4.8)

31.0

3.7 (1.4–9.4)

87.4

18.2 (10.9–30.4)

7.1

3.1 (1.4–6.8)

  1. *Defined as a composite of either hyaline membrane disease (HMD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), periventricular hemorrhage (PVH), assisted ventilation > 1 day, or perinatal death after 20 weeks gestation and up to 30 days after birth. **Represents the rate for each perinatal outcome according to type of antihypertensive therapy $Includes HMD, NEC and/or PVH. #All odds ratios were adjusted for maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy weight, history of delivery before 34 weeks, history of hypertension in a previous pregnancy, cigarette smoking, pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy renal dysfunction, use of prednisone, receipt of betamethasone for fetal lung maturity, and gestational age at which blood pressure first increased above 140/90 mm Hg.