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Table 2 Population characteristics among pregnant women with different cardiovascular health (CVH) statuses

From: Maternal cardiovascular health in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring

 

Total (n = 19,810)

High CVH (n = 7846)

Moderate CVH (n = 10,949)

Low CVH (n = 1015)

P value

Age, years, mean (SD)

29.7 (3.9)

29.8 (3.7)

29.6 (4)

29.8 (4.4)

 < 0.0001

College or above, n (%)

15850 (80.0)

6587 (84.0)

8554 (78.1)

709 (69.9)

 < 0.0001

Married, n (%)

18723 (94.5)

7518 (95.8)

10263 (93.7)

942 (92.8)

 < 0.0001

Employed, n (%)

10011 (50.5)

3956 (50.4)

5562 (50.8)

493 (48.6)

0.38

Income, n (%)

low

3792 (19.1)

1310 (16.7)

2222 (20.3)

260 (25.6)

 < 0.0001

moderate

12585 (63.5)

5059 (64.5)

6927 (63.3)

599 (59.0)

0.002

high

3433 (17.3)

1477 (18.8)

1800 (16.4)

156 (15.4)

 < 0.0001

Never drink, n (%)

17120 (86.4)

6724 (85.7)

9502 (86.8)

894 (88.1)

0.029

Never smoke, n (%)

19403 (97.9)

7783 (99.2)

10681 (97.6)

939 (92.5)

 < 0.0001

Clinical health indicator, mean (SD)

 BMI before pregnancy, kg/m2*

21.1 (2.8)

21 (1.7)

21 (3.2)

22.2 (4.3)

 < 0.0001

 BMI in the early pregnancy, kg/m2*

21.4 (2.9)

21.1 (1.8)

21.4 (3.3)

22.9 (4.1)

 < 0.0001

 SBP, mmHg

114 (10.6)

111.0 (9.5)

115.6 (10.7)

123.1 (9.8)

 < 0.0001

 DBP, mmHg

68.8 (8.4)

66.9 (7.6)

69.8 (8.5)

73.9 (9.0)

 < 0.0001

 FPG, mg/dL

85.4 (6.9)

84.9 (5.6)

85.5 (6.9)

89.0 (12.8)

 < 0.0001

 TC, mg/dL

179.2 (27.2)

171.9 (21.8)

181.8 (27.7)

206.8 (35.1)

 < 0.0001

 Non-HDL-C, mg/dL

114 (23.7)

108.0 (18.9)

116.2 (24.3)

138.0 (30.5)

 < 0.0001

Disease history, n (%)

 hypertension

15 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

9 (0.1)

6 (0.6)

 < 0.0001

 diabetes

23 (0.1)

1 (0.0)

13 (0.1)

9 (0.9)

 < 0.0001

 hyperthyroidism

128 (0.6)

51 (0.7)

72 (0.7)

5 (0.5)

0.82

other thyroid disease

48 (0.2)

27 (0.3)

20 (0.2)

1 (0.1)

0.054

 breast and gynecological diseases

726 (3.7)

329 (4.2)

368 (3.4)

29 (2.9)

0.004

Pregnancy history, n (%)

 previous pregnancies

11246 (56.8)

4553 (58.0)

6112 (55.8)

581 (57.2)

0.010

 previous births

8151 (41.1)

3362 (42.8)

4379 (40.0)

410 (40.4)

 < 0.001

 abnormal pregnancy outcomes

5811 (29.3)

2230 (28.4)

3263 (29.8)

318 (31.3)

0.044

 pregnancy complications

1618 (8.2)

643 (8.2)

888 (8.1)

87 (8.6)

0.87

Periconceptional medical use, n (%)

9209 (46.5)

3529 (45.0)

5161 (47.1)

519 (51.1)

 < 0.001

Pregnancy outcomes

 gestational weeks, week, mean (SD)

39.2 (1.4)

39.3 (1.4)

39.2 (1.4)

39.0 (1.6)

 < 0.0001

 cesarean section, n (%)

6674 (33.7)

2526 (32.2)

3728 (34.0)

420 (41.4)

 < 0.0001

 offspring gender, boy, n (%)

10290 (51.9)

4000 (51.0)

5765 (52.7)

525 (51.7)

0.13

 offspring weight, g, mean (SD)

3246.4 (431.4)

3254.9 (420.6)

3239.1 (432.4)

3259.9 (494.4)

0.008

  1. BMI body mass index, CHD congenital heart disease, CVH cardiovascular health, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, Non-HDL-C non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, PA physical activity, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, TC total cholesterol
  2. *BMI = weight (kg)/(height [m])2. The weight and height before pregnancy were collected by questionnaire, and weight in early pregnancy was measured during the first interview in early pregnancy
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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