Table 1 Clinical and household characteristics of the study participants grouped by pre-pregnancy body mass index

Age (in years)

0.066

  < 19 years old

130 (91.5%)

12 (8.5%)

142 (14.7%)

  19–34 years old

550 (87.9%)

76 (12.1%)

626 (64.9%)

  ≥ 35 years old

164 (83.2%)

33 (16.8%)

197 (20.4%)

Single mother

74 (87.1%)

11 (12.9%)

85 (8.8%)

0.907

Complete primary schooling

652 (87.5%)

93 (12.5%)

745 (77.2%)

0.923

JUNTOS recipient

561 (85.9%)

92 (14.1%)

653 (67.7%)

0.035

Pregnant at enrolment

500 (85.0%)

88 (15.0%)

588 (60.9%)

0.004

Household characteristics

Electricity

676 (85.9%)

111 (14.1%)

787 (81.6%)

0.002

Sand clay walls

692 (88.9%)

86 (11.1%)

778 (80.6%)

0.004

Earthen floor

640 (89.6%)

74 (10.4%)

714 (74.0%)

0.001

Biomass fuel user

650 (89.0%)

80 (11.0%)

730 (75.6%)

0.009

Piped water to household

697 (86.4%)

110 (13.6%)

807 (83.6%)

0.021

Households with food security

741 (87.1%)

110 (12.9%)

851 (88.2%)

0.321

Altitude of living (MASL)

< 0.001

  < 2500 MASL

256 (81.8%)

57 (18.2%)

313 (32.4%)

  2500–3000 MASL

267 (87.3%)

39 (12.7%)

306 (31.7%)

  > 3000 MASL

321 (92.8%)

25 (7.2%)

339 (35.1%)

Clinical characteristics

Height below 150 cm

257 (84.8%)

46 (15.2%

303 (31.4%)

0.269

Pre-pregnancy BMI

0.004

  < 18.5

11 (100.0%)

-

11 (1.1%)

  18.5–24.9

449 (90.7%)

46 (9.3%)

495 (51.3%)

  25.0-29.09

283 (84.5%)

52 (15.5%)

335 (34.7%)

  ≥ 30

101 (81.5%)

23 (18.5%)

124 (12.9%)

Multiple pregnancy

8 (57.1%)

6 (42.9%)

14 (1.5%)

0.001

Heart or hypertensive disease

17 (70.8%)

7 (29.2%)

24 (2.5%)

0.013

History of preeclampsia

26 (68.4%)

12 (31.6%)

38 (3.9%)

0.109

History of gestational diabetes or diabetes

1 (100.0%)

-

3 (0.3%)

0.705

Family history of heart disease

130 (83.9%)

25 (16.1%)

155 (16.1%)

0.141

Family history of diabetes

38 (86.4%)

6 (13.6%)

44 (4.6%)

0.822

History of preterm

18 (69.2%)

8 (30.8%)

26 (2.7%)

0.004

History of miscarriage

87 (83.7%)

17 (16.3%)

104 (10.8%)

0.215

Parity

1 [0–2]

1 [0–2]

1 [0–2]

0.248

Gestational age at birth (days)

269 [262–279]

241.7 [211–268]

268.7 [262–279]

0.280

COVID 19 diagnosis during pregnancy

15 (78.9%)

4 (21.1%)

19 (2.0%)

0.258

Lifestyle characteristics

Physical activity

0.039

  Low

150 (83.3%)

30 (16.7%)

180 (18.7%)

  Moderate

461 (87.0%)

69 (13.0%)

530 (54.9%)

  High

233 (91.4%)

22 (8.6%)

255 (26.4%)

Daily consumption of 5 portions of vegetables or fruits

491 (86.3%)

78 (13.7%)

569 (59.0%)

0.117

Maternal health care

Place of antenatal care

0.290

  Health Centre

403 (86.3%)

64 (13.7%)

467 (48.4%)

  Health Post

441 (88.6%)

57 (11.4%)

498 (51.6%)

First antenatal care visit before 20 weeks

636 (86.2%)

102 (13.8%)

738 (76.5%)

0.166

Main health care centre

< 0.001

  San Marcos

403 (85.9%)

66 (14.1%)

469 (48.6%)

  Ichocan

233 (82.9%)

48 (17.1%)

281 (29.1%)

  Jose Sabogal

208 (96.7%)

7 (3.3%)

215 (22.3%)

Place of birth

  Health Centre

447 (100.0%)

-

447 (46.3%)

  Health Post

139 (100.0%)

-

139 (14.4%)

  Private clinic

2 (0.2%)

12 (85.7%)

14 (1.5%)

  Hospital

135 (16.0%)

109 (44.7%)

244 (25.3%)

  At home

121 (100.0%)

-

121 (12.5%)