Table 4 Cardiac geometry and function in the fetuses of mothers with diabetes and healthy controls

EFW (Hadlock)

415 (371–455)

415 (378–456)

1737 (1565–1941)

1691 (1551–1853)

Umbilical artery PI

1.09 (0.97–1.22)

1.09 (1.01–1.16)

1.00 (0.86–1.07)

0.93 (0.82–1.05)

Mean uterine artery PI

0.83 (0.71–1.01)

0.96 (0.90–1.20)

0.64 (0.54–0.77)

0.75 (0.60–0.81)

Cardiac geometry

 Cardiothoracic ratio (area)

0.34 ± 0.05

0.35 ± 0.04

0.43 ± 0.06

0.41 ± 0.05

 Heart area (mm²)

422 ± 79

430 ± 84

1273 ± 204

1138 ± 146^*

 Thoracic area (mm²)

1244 (1097–1311)

1226 (1113–1369)

3036 (2728–3292)

2805 (2628–3088)

 LV-EDD (mm)

6.24 ± 1.25

6.63 ± 1.34

10.60 ± 2.00

11.10 ± 1.88

 RV-EDD (mm)

6.44 ± 1.30

6.31 ± 1.21

11.51 ± 1.45

11.25 ± 2.02

 RV-EDD/LV-EDD ratio

1.06 ± 0.23

0.98 ± 0.22

1.09 (0.90–1.27)

1.06 (0.89–1.17)

 LV-EDL (mm)

13.7 (12.6–15.1)

13.4 (12.8–14.6)

23.4 (21.3–24.9)

20.3 (19.7–22.2)^*

 RV-EDL (mm)

11.4 (10.0–12.7)

11.5 (10.5–12.7)

19.8 (17.9–21.8)

17.8 (16.5–19.4)

 RAVV/LAVV ratio

1.00 ± 0.12

0.96 ± 0.12

1.07 ± 0.14

1.03 ± 0.11

 LV sphericity index

0.45 (0.39–0.54)

0.47 (0.41–0.57)

0.44 (0.38–0.52)

0.52 (0.47–0.58)

 RV sphericity index

0.57 (0.49–0.67)

0.54 (0.50–0.58)

0.58 (0.51–0.65)

0.61 (0.51–0.71)

 Relative LV wall thickness

0.64 (0.50–0.86)

0.48 (0.43–0.70)

0.60 (0.44–0.84)

0.49 (0.37–0.68)

 Relative RV wall thickness

0.67 (0.52–0.91)

0.54 (0.42–0.81)

0.59 (0.45–0.68)

0.50 (0.39–0.75)

 Relative IVS thickness

0.68 ± 0.28

0.65 ± 0.28

0.71 ± 0.26

0.60 ± 0.20*

 AV diameter (mm)

3.70 (3.32–4.01)

3.70 (3.45–4.30)

6.00 (5.70–6.70)

6.51 (5.40–6.95)

 PV diameter (mm)

4.47 ± 0.51

4.54 ± 0.76

7.77 ± 0.94

7.67 ± 1.26

Diastolic function

 LV E (cm/s)

29.5 (27.5–32.9)

30.3 (26.0–32.7)

43.0 (35.6–47.0)

40.2 (36.7–45.7)

 LV A (cm/s)

50.0 (44.7–54.7)

48.1 (41.9–52.2)

57.2 (50.5–65.1)

53.1 (45.7–60.4)

 LV E/A

0.62 ± 0.08

0.64 ± 0.09

0.75 ± 0.11

0.78 ± 0.12

 RV E (cm/s)

33.7 (30.5–38.2)

33.3 (30.6–40.0)

44.1 (38.3–49.2)

45.2 (40.5–50.3)

 RV A (cm/s)

51.3 (47.5–57.1)

50.7 (46.4–56.9)

66.7 (52.5–69.5)

55.4 (51.3–61.3)

 RV E/A

0.65 ± 0.09

0.68 ± 0.08

0.73 ± 0.10

0.77 ± 0.11

Systolic function

 FHR-LV (/min)

148 (143–152)

146 (143–151)

137 (132–146)

139 (133–145)

 AV PSV (cm/s)

73.4 (64.0–79.4)

72.1 (64.1–79.7)

97.0 (86.4–109.2)

94.3 (82.6–100.3)

 LV SV (mL)

0.88 (0.72–1.04)

0.85 (0.73–1.16)

3.20 (2.68–4.52)

3.26 (2.46–4.24)

 LV-CO (mL/min/kg)

318 (247–388)

304 (268–400)

270 (225–332)

279 (206–340)

 FHR-RV (/min)

146 (141–152)

148 (146–153)

139 (134–146)

143 (138–146)

 PV PSV velocity (cm/s)

63.4 (54.6–74.0)

61.1 (55.8–69.5)

77.0 (67.8–100.0)

71.7 (66.8–82.2)^*

 RV SV (mL)

1.14 (0.95–1.33)

1.04 (0.91–1.41)

4.97 (3.29–5.86)

4.08 (3.04–5.17)^*

 RV-CO (mL/min/kg)

398 (348–461)

374 (322–480)

378 (301–474)

317 (276–440)

Global myocardial performance

 LV MPI

0.49 (0.43–0.56)

0.52 (0.42–0.57)

0.52 ± 0.09

0.53 ± 0.13

 RV MPI

0.50 (0.44–0.59)

0.50 (0.44–0.56)

0.54 ± 0.08

0.53 ± 0.12