Table 2 Maternal, pregnancy and placental characteristics in neonates with and without adverse outcomes in a prospective observational study of 315 singleton term placentas meeting the criteria for referral to histopathologic examination
From: Placental pathology and neonatal morbidity: exploring the impact of gestational age at birth
Non-adverse outcome | Adverse outcomea | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal and pregnancy characteristics | n = 225 | n = 90 | P-valueb |
Maternal country of origin, n/N (%) | 0.691 | ||
Norway | 201/225 (89.3) | 79/90 (87.8) | |
Other | 24/225 (10.7) | 11/90 (12.2) | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 31.3 (4.8) | 31.3 (5.4) | 0.995 |
BMI (kg/m²), mean (SD) | 24.3 (4.6) | 24.9 (5.7) | 0.604c |
Smoking, n/N (%) | 4/223 (1.8) | 8/90 (8.9) | 0.006 |
Para 0, n/N (%) | 130/225 (57.8) | 56/90 (62.2) | 0.469 |
Preeclampsia, n/N (%) | 49/225 (21.8) | 18/90 (20.0) | 0.728 |
Severe preeclampsiad, n/N (%) | 19/225 (8.4) | 6/90 (6.7) | 0.598 |
Clinical chorioamnionitis, n/N (%) | 10/225 (4.4) | 8/90 (8.9) | 0.125 |
Pregestational diabetes, n/N (%) | 10/225 (4.4) | 3/90 (3.3) | 0.764 |
Gestational diabetes, n/N (%) | 13/225 (5.8) | 7/90 (7.8) | 0.511 |
PROM, n/N (%) | 12/218 (5.5) | 1/80 (1.3) | 0.197 |
Onset of labor, n/N (%) | 0.391 | ||
Spontaneous | 110/225 (48.9) | 40/90 (44.4) | |
Induced | 109/225 (48.4) | 45/90 (50.0) | |
Elective Caesarean | 6/225 (2.7) | 5/90 (5.6) | |
Mode of delivery, n/N (%) | 0.139 | ||
Spontaneous vaginal | 99/225 (44.0) | 28/90 (31.1) | |
Forceps | 31/225 (13.8) | 12/90 (13.3) | |
Vacuum | 15/225 (6.7) | 8/90 (8.9) | |
Elective Cesarean | 6/225 (2.7) | 6/90 (6.7) | |
Emergency Cesarean | 74/225 (32.9) | 36/90 (40.0) | |
Neonatal characteristics | |||
Gestational age at delivery (weeks + days), n/N (%) | 0.256 | ||
37 + 0 to 38 + 6 | 81/225 (36.0) | 37/90 (41.1) | |
39 + 0 to 40 + 6 | 97/225 (43.1) | 33/90 (36.7) | |
41 + 0 to 41 + 6 | 41/225 (18.2) | 14/90 (15.6) | |
42 + 0 to 42 + 2 | 6/225 (2.7) | 6/90 (6.7) | |
Birthweight (g), mean (SD) | 3161 (630) | 3298 (640) | 0.085 |
Birth length (cm), mean (SD) | 49.4 (2.6) | 50.0 (3.1) | 0.080 |
Head circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 34.4 (1.6) | 34.7 (1.9) | 0.207 |
Small for gestational agee, n/N (%) | 58/225 (25.8) | 15/90 (16.7) | 0.083 |
Large for gestational agef, n/N (%) | 15/225 (6.7) | 4/90 (4.4) | 0.454 |
Placental characteristics | |||
Trimmed weight (g), mean (SD) | 479 (124) | 498 (126) | 0.233 |
Marginal or velamentous cord insertion, n/N (%) | 21/225 (9.3) | 7/90 (7.8) | 0.911 |
Coiling index | 1.00 | ||
Hypocoiled (< 1 coil/10 cm) | 3/225 (1.3) | 1/80 (1.3) | |
Hypercoiled (> 3 coils/10 cm) | 65/225 (28.9) | 23/80 (28.7) | |
Histology | |||
No pathologyg, n/N (%) | 28/225 (12.4) | 5/90 (5.6) | 0.071 |
Histologic chorioamnionitis, n/N (%) | |||
Maternal inflammatory responseh | 26/225 (11.6) | 20/90 (22.2) | 0.015 |
Fetal inflammatory responsei | 34/225 (15.1) | 22/90 (24.4) | 0.050 |
Maternal vascular malperfusion | 107/225 (47.6) | 39/90 (43.3) | 0.497 |
Fetal vascular malperfusion | 14/225 (6.2) | 10/90 (11.1) | 0.140 |
Delayed villous maturation | 37/225 (16.4) | 18/90 (20.0) | 0.453 |
Villitis/intervillositis | 16/225 (7.1) | 8/90 (8.9) | 0.631 |
Two or more abnormalities | 64/225 (28.4) | 34/90 (37.8) | 0.106 |