Table 1 Socio- demographic characteristics of children and mothers participated in the survey among the urban settlements of Hyderabad (N = 1859)

Religion

n = 925

n = 931

Hindu

728

78.7

774

83.1

< 0.001

Muslim

137

14.8

129

13.9

Christian/Others

60

6.5

28

3

Social Class

n = 925

n = 931

Schedule Caste (SC)

246

26.6

223

24

< 0.001

Schedule Tribe (ST)

123

13.3

164

17.6

Other Backward Class (OBC)

444

47.9

514

55.2

General/others

112

12.1

30

3.2

Number of family members

n = 923

n = 931

1–2

449

48.6

490

52.6

0.017

3–4

420

45.5

410

44

5+

54

5.9

31

3.3

Family type

n = 925

n = 931

Nuclear

559

60.4

507

54.5

0.032

Extended Nuclear

166

17.9

197

21.2

Joint

200

21.6

227

24.4

Type of house

n = 925

n = 932

Kutcha

100

10.8

54

5.8

< 0.001

Semi pucca

542

58.6

635

68.1

Pucca

186

20.1

197

21.1

Open Space/ squatter hut

97

10.5

46

4.9

House ownership

n = 925

n = 932

Own

421

45.5

408

43.8

0.552

Rented

379

41

405

43.5

Migrant camp/living in other house

125

13.5

119

12.8

Number of rooms

(excluding kitchen)

n = 925

n = 930

1

416

45

419

45.1

0.480

2

308

33.3

328

35.3

3 and above

201

21.7

183

19.7

Type of cooking fuel

n = 925

n = 932

Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

811

87.7

886

95.1

< 0.001

Wood/Coal/cow dung

91

9.8

39

4.2

Kerosene

23

2.5

7

0.8

Source of Drinking water

n = 925

n = 932

Improved

449

48.5

514

55.2

0.004

Unimproved

476

51.5

418

44.8

Toilet facility

n = 925

n = 932

Improved

828

89.5

869

93.2

0.004

Unimproved

97

10.5

63

6.8

Wealth Index

n = 918

n = 924

Highest

231

25.2

255

27.6

0.491

High

144

15.7

140

15.2

Middle

168

18.3

183

19.8

Low

230

25.1

220

23.8

Lowest

145

15.8

126

13.6