Table 3 Results of meta-analysis for significant determinants of MNM in Africa, 2008–2021
Variables | Authors | AOR(95% CI) | Weight | Heterogeneity (I2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age > 30 years | Tenaw et al., 2021 [35] | 2.29(1.22, 4.29) | 5.90 | 17.13% |
Kachale et al., 2021 [16] | 3.14(1.09, 9.020) | 0.88 | ||
Aduloju et al., 2018 [17] | 1.95(1.50, 2.30) | 86.87 | ||
Dahie, 2022 [83] | 2.72(1.60, 4.56) | 6.35 | ||
Overall | 2.03(1.65, 2.40) | 100 | ||
Residence (rural) | Kebede et al.,2021 [77] | 1.68(1.01, 2.78) | 18.43 | 47.3% |
Yemane and Tiruneh, 2020 [30] | 2.16(1.34, 3.50) | 14.96 | ||
Liyew et al.,2018 [84] | 10.60(4.59, 24.46) | 0.31 | ||
Rysavy, 2023 [32] | 3.710(2.23, 6.17) | 6.40 | ||
Gedefaw et al.,2014 [40] | 2.10(1.40, 3.10) | 19.14 | ||
Aduloju et al., 2018 [17] | 1.48(1.08, 1.98) | 28.46 | ||
Dahie, 2022 [83] | 2.68(1.70, 4.23) | 12.31 | ||
Overall | 2.06(1.50, 2.61) | 100 | ||
Low monthly income | Worke et al., 2019 [37] | 2.85(1.43, 5.55) | 54.38 | 13.12% |
Asaye, 2020 [38] | 3.99(1.65, 9.65) | 14.42 | ||
Dahie, 2022 [83] | 3.33(1.15, 10.53) | 10.50 | ||
Alemu et al., 2019 [42] | 3.01(1.16, 7.84) | 20.69 | ||
Overall | 3.09(1.58, 4.62) | 100.00 | ||
Long distance | Yemane and Tiruneh, 2020 [30] | 2.27(1.33, 3.86) | 27.12 | 55.2% |
Danusa et al.,2022 [80] | 4.02(1.82, 8.89) | 3.44 | ||
Mekango et al., 2017 [82] | 2.80(1.19, 6.35) | 6.48 | ||
Rysavy, 2023 [32] | 11.93(5.20, 27.39) | 0.35 | ||
Habte and Wondimu, 2021 [13] | 3.21(1.61, 6.39) | 7.55 | ||
Gedefaw et al., 2014 [40] | 1.90(1.17, 2.94) | 55.06 | ||
Overall | 2.26(1.61, 2.92) | 100 | ||
No formal education | Dile and Seyum, 2015 [39] | 2.00(1.09, 3.69) | 12.61 | 37.03% |
Teshome et al., 2022 [79] | 4.80(1.78, 12.90) | 0.69 | ||
Danusa et al., 2022 [80] | 3.06(1.31, 7.13) | 2.52 | ||
Dessalegn et al., 2020 [81] | 2.24(1.17, 4.31) | 2.52 | ||
Mekango et al., 2017 [82] | 3.20(1.24, 8.12) | 1.80 | ||
Aduloju et al., 2018 [17] | 1.58(1.20, 2.30) | 70.44 | ||
Dahie, 2022 [83] | 2.83(1.26, 6.34) | 3.30 | ||
Overall | 1.82(1.36, 2.28) | 100.00 | ||
No ANC | Tenaw et al., 2021 [35] | 3.04(1.58, 5.83) | 0.58 | 16.9 |
Yemane and Tiruneh, 2020 [30] | 1.65(1.13, 2.55) | 5.20 | ||
Worke et al., 2019 [37] | 3.16(1.96, 5.10) | 1.07 | ||
Dile and Seyum, 2015 [39] | 2.51(1.50, 4.20) | 1.44 | ||
Teshome et al., 2022 [79] | 2.75(1.13, 6.72) | 0.34 | ||
Danusa et al.,2022 [80] | 2.25(1.10, 4.61) | 0.85 | ||
Liyew et al., 2018 [84] | 5.58(1.94, 16.07) | 0.05 | ||
Dessalegn et al.,2020 [81] | 3.71(1.10, 12.76) | 0.08 | ||
Woldeyes et al.,2018 [31] | 1.92(1.09, 3.45) | 1.90 | ||
Habte and Wondimu, 2021 [13] | 3.25(2.21, 7.69) | 0.35 | ||
Aduloju et al., 2018 [17] | 1.73(1.53, 1.88) | 85.79 | ||
Adeoye et al., 2013 [4] | 5.26(2.70, 11.11) | 0.15 | ||
Dahie, 2022 [83] | 2.68(1.82, 4.00) | 2.20 | ||
Overall | 1.80(1.64, 1.97) | 100.0 | ||
1st Delay | Abdel-Raheem et al., 2017 [55] | 3.43(1.54, 7.52) | 5.80 | 25.03% |
Worke et al., 2019 [37] | 1.99(1.10, 3.61) | 32.92 | ||
Dile and Seyum, 2015 [39] | 4.02(2.34, 6.90) | 9.98 | ||
Dessalegn et al., 2020 [81] | 5.74(2.93, 11.20) | 3.03 | ||
Woldeyes et al.,2018 [31] | 2.37(1.36, 4.12) | 27.23 | ||
Adeoye et al., 2013 [4] | 2.07(1.03, 4.17) | 21.04 | ||
Overall | 2.51(1.79, 3.23) | 100 | ||
2nd delay | Abdel-Raheem et al., 2017 [55] | 2.51(1.11, 5.68) | 9.02 | 7.03% |
Dile and Seyum, 2015 [39] | 3.85(2.11, 7.03) | 7.83 | ||
Woldeyes et al., 2018 [31] | 2.66(1.39, 5.070) | 13.61 | ||
Dahie, 2022 [83] | 1.77(1.21, 2.59) | 69.54 | ||
Overall | 2.12(1.42, 2.82) | 100.0 | ||
3rd delay | Abdel-Raheem et al., 2017 [55] | 3.12(1.28, 7.69) | 21.12 | 69.9% |
Yemane and Tiruneh, 2020 [30] | 1.56(1.03, 2.34) | 37.75 | ||
Dile and Seyum, 2015 [39] | 7.02(3.89, 12.65) | 15.10 | ||
Woldeyes et al., 2018 [31] | 4.12(2.34, 7.26) | 26.04 | ||
Overall | 3.38(1.21, 5.55) | 100.0 | ||
Previous history of CS | Kasahun and Wako, 2018 [78] | 7.68(3.11, 18.96) | 1.31 | 12.92% |
Tenaw et al., 2021 [35] | 4.48(2.67, 7.53) | 13.93 | ||
Teshome et al., 2022 [79] | 3.70(1.42, 9.60) | 4.92 | ||
Dessalegn et al., 2020 [81] | 3.53(1.49, 8.36) | 6.97 | ||
Mekango et al.2017 [82] | 4.60(1.98, 7.61) | 10.38 | ||
Habte and Wondimu, 2021 [13] | 3.53(1.79, 6.98) | 12.21 | ||
Kachale et al., 2021 [16] | 4.08(2.34, 7.09) | 14.58 | ||
Adeoye et al., 2013 [4] | 3.72(1.93, 14.90) | 1.96 | ||
Omona and Babirye, 2023 [71] | 3.74(2.35, 5.91) | 25.96 | ||
Heitkamp et al., 2022 [56] | 8.40(5.80, 12.30) | 7.79 | ||
Overall | 4.35(3.44, 5.26) | 100 | ||
Presence of any medical condition | Tenaw et al., 2021 [35] | 3.13(1.57, 6.26) | 11.47 | 25.78% |
Asaye, 2020 [38] | 5.13(2.08, 12.60) | 2.28 | ||
Liyew et al., 2018 [84] | 10.80(5.16, 22.60) | 0.83 | ||
Dessalegn et al., 2020 [81] | 2.04(1.11, 3.78) | 35.38 | ||
Mekango et al., 2017 [82] | 3.05(1.78, 6.93) | 9.51 | ||
Habte and Wondimu, 2021 [13] | 2.79(1.45, 5.37) | 16.41 | ||
Adeoye et al., 2013 [4] | 6.85(1.96, 23.93) | 0.52 | ||
Heitkamp et al., 2022 [56] | 2.40(1.10, 5.10) | 15.76 | ||
Oppong et al., 2019 [69] | 5.95(3.75, 9.42) | 7.84 | ||
Overall | 2.91(2.12, 3.71) | 100 |