Table 2 Univariable analysis of factors associated with adverse birth outcomes among women enrolled in the study (N = 1916)
From: Risk factors of adverse birth outcomes among a cohort of pregnant women in Coastal Kenya, 2017–2019
Variable | Total n (%) | Had adverse birth outcome n (%) | No adverse birth outcome n (%) | RR (95% CI) | p- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age N = 1905 | |||||
Median (IQR) | 28.5(24–33) | 28.0(24–33) | 1.0(0.9-1.0) | 0.567 | |
15–19 | 62(3.3) | 17(4.5) | 45(2.9) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.138* |
20–35 | 1592 (83.6) | 291(77.4) | 1244(81.4) | Ref | |
36–46 | 251 (13.1) | 68(18.1) | 240 (15.7) | 1.2(0.9–1.5) | |
Facility type N = 1916 | |||||
Private | 654 (34.1) | 126(33.2) | 528(34.3) | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 0.684 |
Public | 1262 (65.9) | 253(66.7) | 1009(65.6) | Ref | |
Education N = 1885 | 0.107* | ||||
Primary | 490 (26.0) | 112(29.8) | 378(25.0) | 1.1(0.9–1.4) | |
Secondary | 857 (45.5) | 155(41.3) | 702(46.5) | 0.9(0.7–1.1) | |
College | 538 (28.5) | 108(28.8) | 430(28.4) | Ref | |
Employment N = 1915 | |||||
Employed | 754 (39.4) | 144(37.9) | 610(39.7) | Ref | 0.631 |
Self employed | 285 (14.9) | 62(16.4) | 223(14.5) | 1.1(0.9–1.4) | |
Unemployed | 876 (45.7) | 173(45.7) | 703(4.8) | 1.0(0.8–1.5) | |
Marital status N = 1916 | |||||
Married | 1699 (88.7) | 332(87.6) | 1367(88.9) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 0.461 |
Single | 217 (11.3) | 47(12.4) | 170(11.1) | Ref | |
History of chronic illness N = 1905 | |||||
Yes | 116 (6.1) | 30 (8.0) | 86 (5.6) | 1.3(0.9–1.8) | 0.084* |
No | 1789 (93.9) | 345(92.0) | 1444 (94.4) | Ref | |
Substance use N = 1916 | |||||
Yes | 75 (3.9) | 18(4.7) | 57(3.7) | 1.2(0.8–1.9) | 0.349 |
No | 1841 (96.1) | 361 (95.2) | 1480 (96.3) | Ref | |
Anaemia at enrolment N = 1916 | |||||
Yes | 492 (25.7) | 93(24.5) | 399(25.9) | 0.9(0.8–1.2) | 0.572 |
No | 1424 (74.3) | 286(75.5) | 1138 (74.0) | Ref | |
Folic acid intake N = 1916 | |||||
Yes | 494 (25.7) | 57(22.9) | 437(26.2) | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | 0.280 |
No | 1422 (74.2) | 191 (77.0) | 1231 (73.8) | Ref | |
Short stature N = 1897 | |||||
Yes | 32(1.7) | 7(1.9) | 25(1.6) | 1.1(0.6–2.1) | 0.769 |
No | 1865 (98.3) | 369(98.1) | 1496(98.4) | Ref | |
Syphilis status N = 1728 | 0.371 | ||||
Positive | 26(1.5) | 7(2.0) | 19(1.4) | 1.3(0.7–2.5) | |
Negative | 1702(98.5) | 338(97.9) | 1364(98.6) | ||
MUAC of the pregnant women = 1479 | |||||
Median (IQR) | 28(26–31) | 28(25.4–30.5) | 28(26–31) | 0.9(0.9-1.0) | 0.942 |
Underweight | 107(7.3) | 26(9.0) | 81(6.8) | 1.2(0.8–1.7) | 0.259 |
Normal | 826(55.9) | 165(57.3) | 661(55.5) | Ref | |
Overweight | 546(36.9) | 97(33.7) | 449(37.7) | 0.8(0.7–1.1) | |
HIV status N = 1791 | |||||
Positive | 308(17.2) | 77(21.6) | 231(16.1) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 0.013* |
Negative | 1483 (82.8) | 279 (78.4) | 1204 (83.9) | Ref | |
On HAART N = 303 | |||||
Yes | 278 (90.3) | 69(80.8) | 209(92.1) | 0.9(0.5–1.7) | 0.725 |
No | 25 (8.1) | 7(9.2) | 18(7.9) | Ref | |
Mode of delivery | |||||
Caesarean section | 403 (26.3) | 74 (23.9) | 329 (27.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.273 |
Vaginal delivery | 1127 (73.7) | 236 (76.1) | 891 (73.0) | Ref | |
Number of previous pregnancies (Parity) N = 1916 | |||||
0 | 549 (28.7) | 120(31.7) | 429(27.9) | 1.2(0.9–1.4) | 0.197* |
1–3 | 1284 (67.0) | 239(63.0) | 1045(68.0) | 1 | |
> 3 | 83 (4.3) | 20(5.3) | 63 (4.1) | 1.2(0.9–1.9) | |
History of poor birth outcome among multiparous women N = 1367 | |||||
Yes | 508(37.1) | 124(47.9) | 384(34.7) | 1.6(1.2–1.9) | < 0.001* |
No | 859 (62.8) | 135 (52.1) | 724 (65.3) | Ref | |
Gestation age at first ANC visit N = 1916 | |||||
Median gestation age at first ANC visit (IQR) | 17.7 (13.6–21.7) | 17.8 (13.6–22.7) | 0.9 (0.9-1.0) | 0.699 | |
High blood pressure at enrolment N = 1913 | |||||
Yes | 22 (1.2) | 10(2.6) | 12(0.8) | 2.3(1.4–3.7) | 0.002* |
No | 1891 (98.9) | 369 (97.4) | 1522 (99.2) | Ref | |
Fever in current pregnancy N = 1915 | |||||
Yes | 88 (4.6) | 25(6.6) | 63(4.1) | 1.7(1.1–2.6) | 0.038* |
No | 1827 (95.4) | 354(93.4) | 1473 (95.9) | Ref | |
Consistent use of mosquito net N = 1916 | |||||
Yes | 1457(76.0) | 291(76.9) | 1166(75.9) | 1.0(0.8–1.3) | 0.707 |
No | 459 (23.9) | 88 (23.2) | 371 (24.1) | Ref | |