Table 4 Factors associated with mistreatment of women during maternity care in East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia, 2022 (n = 752)—results from Mixed-Effects Logistic Regression Models

A. Fixed effects

(Intercept)

0.40[0.25 – 0.65]

0.15 [0.04 – 0.53]

0.14 [0.04 – 0.52]

0.003

Woman’s age (years)

1.03 [0.99 – 1.07]

1.03 [0.99 – 1.07]

0.140

Educational status

 Highschool and below

Reference

Reference

 College and above

0.88 [0.59 – 1.30]

0.86 [0.58 – 1.27]

0.440

Socio-economic status

 Lowest

1.84 [1.09 – 3.09]

1.80 [1.06 – 3.04]

0.029

 Low

0.61 [0.35 – 1.05]

0.62 [0.36 – 1.06]

0.081

 Middle

0.94 [0.60 – 1.49]

0.93 [0.58 – 1.47]

0.746

 High

Reference

Reference

History of stillbirth

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

0.50 [0.25 – 0.99]

0.49 [0.24 – 0.97]

0.041

Presence of complication

 No

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.80 [1.06 – 3.04]

1.78 [1.05 – 3.01]

0.031

Mode of birth

 Vaginal birth

Reference

Reference

 Instrumental

1.41 [0.87 – 2.29]

1.54 [0.94 – 2.50]

0.085

 Caesarean section

0.55 [0.34 – 0.90]

0.59 [0.36 – 0.98]

0.042

Birth companion

 No

Reference

 Yes

0.58 [0.42 – 0.81]

< 0.001

Hospital versus health centre

 Health centre

Reference

 Hospital

2.20 [0.87 – 5.56]

0.096

B. Random effects

 Health facilities

  Variance

0.223

0.31

0.197

-

  Intraclass correlation (ICC)

0.064

0.087

0.057

-

C. Model fitness

 AIC

966

935

926

-

 BIC

975

999

999

-

 Log-Likelihood

-481

-453

-447

-

 Deviance

962

907

894

-

 P-value

-

< 0.001

< 0.001

-