Table 2 Contextual variables

Women (6)

i) Age: less than 20 years, 20–34 years, and 35 or more years

ii) Caste: advantaged which includes Brahmin/Chhetri, and disadvantaged which includes Terai castes, Dalits, Janajatis, and others.

iii) Education: ever went to school, never went to school

iv) The number of pregnancies: one, two, three or more

v) Experience of complications (during current pregnancy): yes, no

vi) Experience of stillbirths (during previous pregnancies): yes, no

Provider (2)

i) Type of provider: doctor, nurse, auxiliary nurse midwife

ii) Sex of the provider assisting birth: female, male

Health facility (4)

i) Type of health facility: public hospital, other public health facility, private hospital

ii) Health facility that implemented the Maternity Incentive Scheme: yes, no

iii) Type of site: emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC), basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care (BEmONC), comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal care (CEmONC), other

iv) Distance to health facility: proximal (< 30 minutes’ walking distance from women’s place of residence), semi-proximal (30–60 minutes’ walking distance from women’s place of residence), distal (> 60 minutes’ walking distance)