Domain | Variable | Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | Block 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
Demographics | Mothers age | < 20 | 1.11 (0.59 to 2.06) | 0.747 | 0.95 (0.50 to 1.81) | 0.873 | 0.95 (0.49 to 1.83) | 0.878 | 1.05 (0.55 to 2.03) | 0.878 |
20–24 | Reference category | |||||||||
25–30 | 1.65 (1.08 to 2.51) | 0.019 | 1.59 (1.04 to 2.44) | 0.034 | 1.65 (1.07 to 2.55) | 0.024 | 1.32 (0.82 to 2.11) | 0.252 | ||
31–35 | 1.60 (0.96 to 2.67) | 0.072 | 1.72 (1.02 to 2.91) | 0.041 | 1.76 (1.04 to 3.00) | 0.037 | 1.21 (0.65 to 2.27) | 0.550 | ||
36–40 | 1.47 (0.86 to 2.53) | 0.161 | 1.49 (0.85 to 2.60) | 0.160 | 1.41 (0.80 to 2.50) | 0.237 | 0.93 (0.48 to 1.83) | 0.839 | ||
> 40 | 1.97 (0.91 to 4.26) | 0.085 | 2.25 (1.01 to 5.00) | 0.047 | 2.20 (0.97 to 4.97) | 0.058 | 1.26 (0.51 to 3.12) | 0.614 | ||
Household monthly income (NGN) | < 45,000 | Reference category | ||||||||
≥ 45,000 | 1.07 (0.78 to 1.47) | 0.686 | 0.96 (0.69 to 1.33) | 0.807 | 0.91 (0.64 to 1.28) | 0.574 | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.31) | 0.658 | ||
Employment status | Employed | Reference category | ||||||||
Unemployed | 1.19 (0.87 to 1.62) | 0.267 | 1.18 (0.86 to 1.62) | 0.307 | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.46) | 0.804 | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.59) | 0.470 | ||
Highest level of education | Secondary school or above | Reference category | ||||||||
None or primary school | 3.04 ( 2.21 to 4.20) | < 0.001 | 2.23 (1.50 to 3.02) | < 0.001 | 2.12 (1.48 to 3.01) | < 0.001 | 1.94 (1.35 to 2.79) | < 0.001 | ||
Living environment | Distance travelled to hospital | < 10 km | Reference category | |||||||
10-30 km | 1.48 (1.07 to 2.04) | 0.019 | 1.50 (1.08 to 2.10) | 0.016 | 1.52 (1.08 to 2.12) | 0.015 | ||||
31-50 km | 3.56 (1.96 to 6.45) | < 0.001 | 3.82 (2.06 to 7.11) | < 0.001 | 3.64 (1.93 to 6.85) | < 0.001 | ||||
51-100 km | 3.85 (1.48 to 10.03) | 0.006 | 3.23 (1.19 to 8.72) | 0.021 | 3.39 (1.25 to 9.21) | 0.017 | ||||
> 100 km | 4.57 (1.41 to 14.87) | 0.012 | 4.14 (1.25 to 13.65) | 0.020 | 4.44 (1.31 to 15.05) | 0.017 | ||||
Type of residence | Apartment or house | Reference category | ||||||||
Shack or other | 1.50 (1.07 to 2.10) | 0.018 | 1.55 (1.09 to 2.20) | 0.014 | 1.50 (1.05 to 2.13) | 0.026 | ||||
Primary household water source | Municipal network | Reference category | ||||||||
Not municipal network | 1.43 (0.90 to 2.26) | 0.130 | 1.46 (0.91 to 2.32) | 0.113 | 1.47 (0.92 to 2.35) | 0.110 | ||||
Household toilet facilities | Toilet with flush | Reference category | ||||||||
Pit latrine or other | 1.57 (1.11 to 2.21) | 0.010 | 1.49 (1.05 to 2.11) | 0.027 | 1.41 (0.99 to 2.02) | 0.055 | ||||
Health and medical history | Self-perceived nutritional status | Healthy weight | Reference category | |||||||
Overweight | 0.82 (0.42 to 1.63) | 0.579 | 0.78 (0.39 to 1.57) | 0.488 | ||||||
Underweight | 1.35 (0.77 to 2.38) | 0.297 | 1.46 (0.83 to 2.59) | 0.189 | ||||||
Medication | Antibiotics | 1.56 (0.91 to 2.68) | 0.107 | 1.54 (0.89 to 2.66) | 0.122 | |||||
Anti-inflammatories | 0.78 (0.06 to 9.74) | 0.850 | 1.05 (0.09 to 12.77) | 0.968 | ||||||
Pain relief | 0.58 (0.39 to 0.85) | 0.005 | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.87) | 0.008 | ||||||
Traditional | 1.43 (0.92 to 2.24) | 0.113 | 1.40 (0.89 to 2.21) | 0.142 | ||||||
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) | 1.57 (0.15 to 16.47) | 0.708 | 1.64 (0.15 to 18.13) | 0.688 | ||||||
Other | 0.99 (0.50 to 1.96) | 0.979 | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.12) | 0.853 | ||||||
Supplements | Vitamins | 1.02 (0.57 to 1.82) | 0.941 | 1.01 (0.57 to 1.81) | 0.969 | |||||
Folic acid / iron / haemoglobin | 0.94 (0.65 to 1.36) | 0.748 | 0.93 (0.64 to 1.34) | 0.685 | ||||||
Health conditions | Malaria | 0.78 (0.54 to 1.15) | 0.212 | 0.76 (0.52 to 1.12) | 0.169 | |||||
Fever / infection | 2.48 (1.12 to 5.49) | 0.025 | 2.53 (1.12 to 5.70) | 0.025 | ||||||
Hypertension | 1.95 (1.24 to 3.09) | 0.004 | 1.95 (1.23 to 3.10) | 0.005 | ||||||
Pregnancy History | Pregnancy History | Grand multiparity ≥ 5 pregnancies | 1.43 (0.91 to 2.23) | 0.119 | ||||||
Previous stillbirth(s) | 2.37 (1.64 to 3.42) | < 0.001 |