Table 2 Prevalence of physical abuse, non-consented, non-confidential and discriminatory care during childbirth

  Episiotomy given or sutured without anaesthesia

12(3.9)

22(7.1)

0.53

0.26-1.09

  Beaten, slapped or pinched

23(7.4)

19(6.1)

1.16

0.62-2.16

  Tied down or restrained during labour

6 (1.9)

10(3.2)

0.59

0.21-1.65

  Other ways of physical abuse^b

2 (0.6)

6 (1.9)

0.33

0.07-1.64

  Sexually abused by health worker during labour

0 (0.0)

3 (1.0)

^e

^e

  Episiotomy without consent

12(5.5)

23(7.4)

0.72

0.38-1.38

  Shaving of pubic hair without consent

4 (1.3)

18(5.8)

0.21

0.07-0.63^a

  Augmentation of labour without consent

24(7.7)

16(5.2)

1.54

0.80-2.96

  Caesarean birth without consent

7 (2.3)

16(5.2)

0.43

0.17-1.05

  Blood transfusion without consent

3 (1.0)

10(3.2)

0.29

0.08-1.08

  Sterilization without consent

3 (1.0)

7 (2.3)

0.42

0.11-1.65

  Other services without consent^c

3 (1.0)

8 (2.6)

0.37

0.09-1.40

  Provision of care without privacy

4 (1.3)

8 (2.6)

0.49

0.15-1.66

  Medical history disclosure without consent

1 (0.3)

7 (2.3)

0.14

0.02-1.15

  Age disclosure without consent

2 (0.6)

6 (1.9)

0.34

0.07-1.64

  Disclosure of child’s paternity without consent

2 (0.6)

5 (1.6)

0.40

0.08-2.06

  Disclosure of HIV status without consent

0 (0.0)

4 (1.3)

^e

^e

  Other forms of non-confidential care^d

1 (0.3)

4 (1.3)

0.25

0.03-2.23

  Denial of needed attention because of low social class or socio-economic status

1 (0.3)

4 (1.3)

0.25

0.03-2.23

  Denial of needed attention because of teen age (≤ 19 years)

0 (0)

2 (0.6)

^e

^e

  Denial of needed attention because of single motherhood status

1 (0.3)

2 (0.6)

0.49

0.05-5.53

  Denial of needed attention because of HIV-seropositive status

0 (0)

2 (0.6)

^e

^e

  Denial of needed attention because of low educational status

3 (1.0)

1 (0.3)

3.02

0.31-29.19

  Denial of needed attention on the basis of ethnicity

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

^e

^e

  Other reasons for discriminatory care

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

^e

^e