Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior during pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus among Asian women in Singapore

Table 3 Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with 2-h-postprandial glucose levels (mmol/l) during pregnancy in the GUSTO study

Variables	Overall sample					Underweight/Normal weight			Overweight/obese			P for interaction
	n	Unadjusted		Adjusted^a		Adjusted^b			Adjusted^b
	n	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	n	β (95% CI)	P-value	n	β (95% CI)	P-value
Physical activity			0.032		0.056			0.570			0.109	0.607
Insufficiently active	325	Reference		Reference		202	Reference		123	Reference
Sufficiently active	436	−0.13 (−0.35, 0.08)	0.222	−0.16 (−0.37, 0.04)	0.116	284	−0.07 (−0.31, 0.17)	0.576	152	−0.28 (−0.66, 0.10)	0.152
Highly active	160	−0.38 (−0.67, −0.10)	0.009	−0.32 (−0.59, −0.05)	0.020	99	−0.17 (−0.49, 0.15)	0.291	61	−0.51 (−1.00, −0.01)	0.044
p for trend			0.010		0.016			0.295			0.036
Total sitting time			0.091		0.172			0.082			0.885	0.547
Low (<7 h/day)	251	Reference		Reference		153	Reference		98	Reference
Medium (7–10 h/day)	265	0.25 (−0.01, 0.52)	0.056	0.23 (−0.02, 0.47)	0.073	160	0.31 (0.02, 0.60)	0.037	105	0.10 (−0.34, 0.55)	0.652
High (≥10 h/day)	417	0.24 (0.001, 0.48)	0.049	0.17 (−0.06, 0.40)	0.137	277	0.25 (−0.01, 0.52)	0.062	140	0.02 (−0.41, 0.45)	0.931
p for trend			0.069		0.189			0.099			0.971
Television time			0.284		0.649			0.925			0.571
Low (<3 h/day)	640	Reference		Reference		411	Reference		229	Reference		0.363
High (≥3 h/day)	294	−0.11 (−0.32, 0.10)		0.05 (−0.15, 0.25)		180	−0.01 (−0.25, 0.23)		114	0.11 (−0.26, 0.47)

β beta-coefficient, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index
A^aAdjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity at recruitment, history of GDM in previous pregnancy, family history of diabetes, dietary energy intake, active/passive smoking during pregnancy and pregnancy weight gain at 26–28 gestational visit
b^bAdjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, education, parity at recruitment, history of GDM in previous pregnancy, family history of diabetes, dietary energy intake, active/passive smoking during pregnancy and pregnancy weight gain at 26–28 gestational visit
p-values were determined by multivariable linear regression

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