Table 2 Studies reporting exclusive breastfeeding in Nepal, 2000–2014

Chandrashekhar et al. [39]

cross-sectional

primary data

(n = 385)

nothing else (except medicines) but breast milk

recall-since-birth

82.3% among <2 months infants

Subba et al. [40]

cross-sectional

primary data (n = 168)

not detailed

not reported

60.5% at 5^th month

Subedi et al. [37]

cross-sectional

primary data

(n = 261)

WHO, 2007 definition

recall at 6–23 month

81.6% upto 6 months

Ulak et al. [38]

cross-sectional

primary data

(n = 325)

WHO, 2007 definition

recall-at-9^th month

at 1^st, 3^rd and 6^th months were 74%, 24% and 9%

Khanal et al. [16]

cross-sectional

NDHS 2006 (n = 482) and NDHS 2011 (n = 227)

WHO, 2007 definition

24-h recall

53.2% in 2006 and 66.3% in

2011 among 0–5 month infants

Locks et al. [41]

cross-sectional (subset of randomized control trial)

primary data

(n = 750)

not reported

24-h recall

65% among 0–5 month infants

Karkee et al. [28]

cohort

primary data

(n = 639)

given breastmilk only without any other feeds (aside from medications) since birth

recall-since-birth

84.4% during first month, 67.2% during 3 months, and 29.7% EBF at 6^th month

Ministry of Health and Population et al. (2001)

(NDHS 2001) [26]

cross-sectional

primary data (n = 648)

WHO, 1991 definition

24-h recall

68.3% among 0–5 month infants

Ministry of Health and Population et al. [27]

(NDHS 2006)

cross-sectional

primary data (n = 477)

WHO,1991^a

24-h recall

53.0% among 0–5 month infants

Ministry of Health and Population et al. [25]

(NDHS 2011)

cross-sectional

primary data (n = 537)

WHO, 1991

24-h recall

69.6% among 0–5 month infants

Central Bureau of Statistics et al. (2010) (MICS) [30]

cross-sectional

primary data (n = 452)

WHO, 2007 definition^a

24-h recall

63.9% among 0–5 month infants