Table 2 Mother’s history of prevailing conditions and obstetric characteristics associated with maternal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Kenya from January 2004 to March 2011
From: Risk factors for maternal mortality in a Tertiary Hospital in Kenya: a case control study
History of prevailing medical conditions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factor | Cases n = 150 n (%) | Controls n = 300 n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | P-value† |
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 2(1) | 7(2) | 0.6(0.1–2.7) | ||
No | 148(99) | 286(98) | 1 | ||
Alcohol | 0.018 | ||||
Yes | 16(11) | 20(7) | 1.6(0.8–3.2) | 2.5(1.2–5.3) | |
No | 134(89) | 273(93) | 1 | ||
Contraceptives | 0.0007 | ||||
Yes | 17(11) | 74(25) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) | 0.3(0.1–0.6) | |
No | 133(89) | 220(75) | 1 | ||
Abortion | |||||
Yes | 11(7) | 20(7) | 1.1(0.5–2.4) | ||
No | 139(93) | 279(93) | 1 | ||
Twins | |||||
Yes | 10(7) | 17(6) | 1.2(0.5–2.7) | ||
No | 140(93) | 283(94) | 1 | ||
Gravida | 0.0049 | ||||
Primigravida | 34(23) | 104(35) | 1 | ||
Multigravida | 73(49) | 153(51) | 1.5(0.9–2.4) | 1.5(0.9–2.5) | |
Grandmultigravida | 43(29) | 43(14) | 3.1(1.7–5.4) | 2.6(1.4–4.8) | |
Underlying medical conditions* | |||||
Yes | 41(27) | 29(10) | 3.5(2.1–5.9) | 3.0(1.7–5.3) | |
No | 109(73) | 271(90) | 1 | ||
Obstetric and reproductive characteristics | |||||
Mode of delivery | 0.0006 | ||||
Normal | 64(43) | 230(77) | 1 | ||
Assisted | 27(18) | 13(4) | 7.5(3.6–15.3) | 4.4(1.7–11.2) | |
Caesarean | 51(34) | 57(19) | 3.2(2.0–5.1) | 3.0(1.5–5.6) | |
Did not deliver | 8(5) | 0 | omitted | omitted | |
Birth attendant | <0.0001 | ||||
Nurse/midwife | 70(53) | 264(89) | 1 | 1 | |
Doctor | 61(47) | 31(11) | 7.4(4.5–12.3) | 4.1(2.2–7.6) | |
Pregnancy stage | <0.0001 | ||||
Intrapartum | 61(42) | 259(86) | 1 | 1 | |
Antepartum | 53(37) | 29(10) | 7.8(4.6–13.2) | 3.0(1.5–6.2) | |
Puerperium | 30(21) | 12(4) | 10.6(5.1–21.9) | 8.9(3.5–22.7) | |
Labour stage | |||||
Latent | 42(42) | 68(24) | 1 | ||
Active | 37(37) | 180(63) | 0.3(0.2–0.6) | ||
Second stage | 20(20) | 34(12) | 1.0(0.5–1.9) | ||
Number of ANC visits | <0.0001 | ||||
1 to 3 | 71(50) | 199(67) | 1 | 1 | |
None | 59(42) | 14(5) | 11.8(6.2–22.5) | 5.7(2.6–12.4) | |
Above 4 | 11(8) | 83(28) | 0.4(0.2–0.7) | 0.6(0.3–1.2) | |
Place of ANC attendance †† | |||||
Health centre | 41(28) | 122(41) | 1 | ||
Hospital | 26(18) | 60(20) | 1.3(0.7–2.3) | ||
MTRH | 19(13) | 100(34) | 0.6(0.3–1.0) | ||
None | 59(41) | 14(5) | 12.5(6.3–24.8) | ||