Country, province/territory or state (if available) | Reference | Year(s) of study | Sample size | Setting | Maternal age (mean; years) | Tool used to obtain self-reported data | Trimester when alcohol was consumed, number of mothers and percent of self-reported drinkers (if available) | Cumulative FAEE cut-point | Prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure | Increase in sensitivity (meconium testing versus self-reports)a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence via self-reports | Prevalence via meconium testing | ||||||||||||
Number of mothers | Percentage of mothers | Number of mothers | Percentage of mothers | ||||||||||
Canada, Ontario | Gareri et al. [15] | 2004-05 | 682 | Regional birthing hospitals | n/a | Questionnaire | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 5 | 0.5% | 17 | 2.5% | 5 times |
Canada, Ontario | Goh et al. [42] | 2006-07 | 50 | High-risk obstetric unit | n/a | Medical record | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 1 | 2.0% | 15 | 30.0% | 15 times |
Germany, Erlangen | Bakdash et al. [43] | n/a | 602 | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology | n/a | Questionnaire, with CAGE [47] | n/a | 500 n▪g/g (~2 n▪mol/g) | 1 | 0.2% | 43 | 7.1% | 43 times |
Italy, Emilia | Pichini et al. [44]b | n/a | 96 | Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 28.4 | Questionnaire | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 3 | 3.1% | 8 | 8.3% | 2.7 times |
Italy | Pichini et al. [45] | n/a | 607 | Neonatal wards of public hospitals | 31 | Questionnaire, with AUDIT [48] | All three trimesters | 2 n▪mol/g | 65c | 10.7% | 48 | 7.9% | 0.7 times |
Spain, Barcelona | Garcia-Algar et al. [46] | n/a | 353 | Hospital (low SES) | 29 | n/a | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 48 | 13.6% | 159 | 45.0% | 3.3 times |
Spain, Barcelona | Manich et al. [36] | n/a | 62 | Neonatal hospital | n/a | Questionnaire | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 0 | 0% | 10 | 16.1% | 16.1 times |
Spain, Barcelona | Pichini et al. [44]b | n/a | 81 | Neonatal Intensive Care Unit | 28.3 | Questionnaire | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 4 | 4.9% | 34 | 42.0% | 8.5 times |
Uruguay, Montevideo | 2005 | 900 | Public Hospitals | 25.4 | Questionnaire, with CAGE [47] | n/a | 2 n▪mol/g | 331 | 36.8% | 362 | 43.5% | 1.2 times | |
USA, Hawaii | 1999 | 422 | Urban regional perinatal center | 29 (median) | Medical record | 1st trimester: 5 (21.7%); 1st & 2nd trimester: 2 (8.7%); All three trimesters: 4 (17.4%); Not documented: 12 (52.2%) | 50 n▪g/g | 18f | 4.3% | 72 | 17.1% | 4.0 times |