From: Facilitators and barriers in the humanization of childbirth practice in Japan
Characteristic Presence of characteristic: + Absence of characteristic:- | 4thlevel Hospital (1) | 4th level Hospital (2) | 3nd level Hospital (1) | 3nd level Hospital (2) | 3th Level Hospital (3) | 2nd level Hospital (1) | 2nd level Hospital (2) | 2nd level Hospital (2) | Birthing home |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average childbirth per year | 800 | 1500 | 500 | 550 | 500 | 1100 | 1200 | 1200 | 120 |
Transferring rate to hospital | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3-4% |
Medical Interventions | |||||||||
C-section rate | 27% | 30-35% | < 15% | < 15% | 40% | < 15% | < 15% | < 15% | NA |
Epidural analgesia | - | 40-50% | rare | rare | < 10% | - | - | - | - |
Routine episiotomy for first pregnancy | - | - | - | - | 70% | - | - | - | - |
Continues Electronic Foetal Monitoring (EFM) | high risk | high risk | - | - | high-risk | - | - | - | - |
Routine IV line in normal pregnancy | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Physical Environment | |||||||||
LDR room | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Tatami style room | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Joining room for family | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Private Post partum rooms | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Shared postpartum rooms | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - |
Common labour | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Main care Providers | |||||||||
Nurse-Midwife | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Obstetric& Gynaecologic | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - |
Nurse | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Continuity of care | |||||||||
Care is provided by the same care provider during prenatal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
Natural methods of relieving pain | |||||||||
Birth pool | - | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Aromatherapy | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Massage | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Moxa therapy | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + |
Emotional support by companion | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Emotional support by midwife companion | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Changing position and saddle seat | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Listen to music | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Breathing techniques | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Rules/Regulation | |||||||||
Eating during labour | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Conditional companion during labour and delivery | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Companion in C-section | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NA |
Cutting umbilical cord by father | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + |
Having kid's companion | + | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + |
Companion in post -partum period | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + |
Staying baby in mother's room in first 24 h after delivery | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Breastfeeding within first hours of life | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Rooming-in | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Average duration of hospitalization after C-section | 9 days | 9 days | 9 | 9 days | 9 days | 9 days | 4 days | 4 days | NA |
Average of hospitalization after normal vaginal delivery | 6 days | 6 days | 6 | 6 days | 5 days | 7 days | 2 days | 2 days | 5 days |
Free style position in delivery | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |